Course Syllabus Essay

Course Description This course examines the history and issues of federal- and state-level crime control initiatives and explores the development of effective anticrime policies. The analysis of contemporary crime control policies is included. Policies Faculty and students/learners will be held responsible for understanding and adhering to all policies contained within the following two documents: University policies: You must be logged into the student website to view this document. Instructor policies: This document is posted in the Course Materials forum. University policies are subject to change. Be sure to read the policies at the beginning of each class. Policies may be slightly different depending on the modality in which you attend class. If you have recently changed modalities, read the policies governing your current class modality. Course Materials Marion, N. E., & Oliver, W. M. (2006). The public policy of crime and criminal justice. Upper Saddle River, NJ. Pearson/Prentice Hall. Dunn, W. N. (2008). Public policy analysis: An introduction (4th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ. Pearson/Prentice Hall. All electronic materials are available on the student website. Week One: Public Policy Foundations and Views in Criminal Justice Details Due Points Objectives 1.1 Evaluate the role of the United States constitution in relationship to the development of contemporary criminal justice policy. 1.2 Differentiate between the roles of federal and state government in the development and implementation of criminal justice policy. 1.3 Distinguish between legislatively based policy and administrative regulatory policy as they relate to crime and criminal justice. 1.4 Compare and contrast the rights of the accused with the policy mission of protecting the public from criminal behavior. 1.5 Differentiate between factors that affect criminal justice policy making. Readings Read this week’s Read Me First. Read Ch. 1–3 of The Public Policy of Crime and Criminal Justice. Read Ch. 1 of Public Policy Analysis – An Introduction. Read this week’s Electronic Reserve Readings. Read the following documents on the student web page. Learning Team Toolkit Toolkit Essentials Why Learning Teams? Team Basics Getting Started Getting to Results Project Planning Decisions/Conflict Resolution Team Learning Read this week’s Electronic Reserve Readings. 5-13-14 Prior to 6pm Participation Participate in class discussion. 5-13-14 in class 4 Discussion Questions Respond to weekly discussion questions (Listed at the end of the syllabus). n/a n/a Learning Team Instructions Select Learning Team members who will work together throughout the course. Create a Learning Team Log and a Learning Team Charter. (these must be submitted to the learning team forum no later than 5-20-14 prior to Week 2 class). Review this week’s objectives and those for week two. Review the Learning Team Assignment for week two and begin to outline your first assignment. 5-13-14 in class LTL and LTC 5-20-14 by 6pm Individual Policy Analysis I Paper Choose a current federal, state, or local issue that directly affects public policy pertaining to the criminal justice system. For example: sentencing guidelines, prison overcrowding, medical marijuana, immigration, or police discretion. Prepare a 700-1050-word paper in which you analyze the issue and related policy. Be sure to address to following points in your analysis (see the rubric in the instructor policy document for point distribution and requirements). Be prepared to discuss you paper in class. Describe the issue. Is this policy a regulatory or legislative-initiated policy? Who initiated the issue or policy Is there a constitutional issue How will the issue or policy affect the community, the accused, and the victims Cite your references properly consistent with APA guidelines. A certificate of originality should be submitted with your paper. Please name the paper with your full last name followed by â€Å"week1†: 5-13-14 by 6pm 10 Week Two: Policy Differences in Approach for Policing, Judicial Action, and Correctional Practices Details Due Points Objectives 2 2.1 Differentiate between policy perspectives among the police, courts, and corrections at the federal and state level. 2.2 Analyze the historical evolution of criminal justice policy relating to policing, the courts, and corrections over the past 50 years. 2.3 Identify opportunities for cooperation between elements of the criminal justice system in the implementation of criminal justice policy. Readings Read this week’s Read Me First. Read Ch. 10–12 of The Public Policy of Crime and Criminal Justice. Read this week’s Electronic Reserve Readings. 5-20-14 by 6pm Participation Participate in class discussion. 5-20-14 in class 4 Discussion Questions Respond to weekly discussion questions (Listed at the end of the syllabus). n/a n/a Nongraded Activities and Preparation Familiarize yourself with the following websites: http://www.crimelibrary.com/ http://www.crimetheory.com/ 5-20-14 by 6pm Learning Team Instructions Review this week’s objectives and discuss additional insights and questions that may have arisen. Submit the Learning Team Log and the Learning Team Charter. Prepare the Learning Team Log. Review the Learning Team Assignment: Historical Policy Comparison. 5-20-14 by 6pm Individual Federal vs. State Policy Comparison Prepare a 1,050-1,750 – word paper in which you compare and contrast the differences and similarities of federal and state government as it pertains to their role in the implementation of criminal justice policies. Be prepared to make a 3-5 minute presentation on your paper in class. You may take one of two approaches. You may identify a single policy/issue and discuss how the state vs. federal government addressed it, for example: states that have legalized marijuana vs. the federal law on marijuana, or Arizona’s immigration laws vs. federal immigration law, or state laws on drug trafficking vs. federal laws on drug trafficking. You must address all aspects of policy development and implementation. Or you may compare and contrast the policy development and implementation process in general, of the state government vs. the federal government. Be sure to address all aspects of policy development and implementation. (See the rubric in the instructor policy document for point distribution and requirements). Identify the criminal justice policy. Identify what roles the state and federal government play in this policy. Identify the similarities and differences. Be sure to address all aspects of policy development and implementation. Cite your references properly consistent with APA guidelines. A certificate of originality should be submitted with your paper. Please name the paper with your full last name followed by â€Å"week2 5-20-14 by 6pm 10 Learning Team Policy Analysis II Paper Prepare a 1,400-2,100-word paper in which you conduct secondary research on the policies of two components of the criminal justice system and describe how these policies affect the operations and decision-making process of the selected two components. Be sure to summarize the policies and analyze their implications for the criminal justice system, including potential effectiveness and limitations. For example, some prosecutor’s offices may have an unwritten policy of avoiding prosecution for possession of small amounts of drugs. How does this affect police operations, arrest rates, and public perceptions of the police? Prepare a 7-10 minute presentation of your paper for class. Properly cite your references consistent with APA guidelines. A certificate of originality should be submitted with your paper along with a learning team evaluation form from each team member. Also go to the learning team  forum and acknowledge your participation. Your assignment WILL NOT be considered complete without all team members finishing these details. Please name the paper with your Learning Group name followed by â€Å"week2†. 5-20-14 by 6pm 10 Week Three: Effective and Ineffective Policy Making in Response to Crime Details Due Points Objectives 3 3.1 Analyze effective and ineffective criminal justice initiatives at the local, state, and federal levels that have had historical significance. 3.2 Discuss goals in the criminal justice system that policy attempts to achieve. Readings Read this week’s Read Me First. Read Ch. 4, 5, 7, & 9 of The Public Policy of Crime and Criminal Justice. Read this week’s Electronic Reserve Readings. 5-27-14 by 6pm Participation Participate in class discussion. 5-27-14 in class 4 Discussion Questions Respond to weekly discussion questions (Listed at the end of the syllabus). n/a n/a Learning Team Instructions Review this week’s objectives and discuss additional insights and questions that may have arisen. Submit the appropriate completed sections of your Learning Team Logs. Prepare your Learning Team Log. Review the Learning Team Assignment: Budget and Policy Paper. 5-27-14 by 6pm Individual Policy Analysis III—Compare and Contrast Paper Select a policy to analyze. Then, prepare a 1,050- to 1,750-word paper in which you summarize the policy to include how aspects of the conflict and crime control model AND the consensus and due process model impact the effectiveness and/or relevance of the policy. OR, you may compare/contrast two policies, one that illustrates the conflict and crime control model and the other impacted by the consensus and due process model. Be prepared to make a 3-5 minute presentation in class. Address the following questions: Describe the policy/s What role does law enforcement play in these policies? What roles do the prosecutor and courts play in these policies? What role does corrections play in these policies? Is there a difference between federal application and state and local application of policies? Identify elements of both models. What is your opinion of the various policies? Explain in detail How can we measure the effectiveness of these policies? Cite your references properly consistent with APA guidelines. A certificate of originality should be submitted with your paper. Please name the paper with your full last name followed by â€Å"week3†. 5-27-14 by 6pm 10 Learning Team Historical Policy Comparison Prepare a 1050-1400-word paper in which you conduct a comparative analysis of the evolution of criminal justice policy over the last 50 years for each of the three areas in criminal justice. In your comparative analysis address  the areas of policing, the courts, and corrections and identify the various opportunities for cooperation between elements of the criminal justice system in the implementation of criminal justice policy? Examples include the evolution of DUI enforcement, the evolution of the use of forensic evidence (trace evidence, DNA), the evolution of witness identification, or the evolution of sex crimes enforcement and punishment) Prepare a 7-10 minute team presentation to be given in class. Cite your references properly consistent with APA guidelines. A certificate of originality should be submitted with your paper along with a learning team evaluation form from each team member. Also go to the learning team forum and acknowledge your participation. Your assignment WILL NOT be considered complete without all team members finishing these details. Please name the paper with your Learning Group name followed by â€Å"week3†. 5-27-14 by 6pm 10 Week Four: Political Impacts upon Criminal Justice Policy Details Due Points Objectives 4 4.1 Determine the impact of politics on the budgetary process. 4 .2 Evaluate the relationship between fiscal resources and the development and implementation of criminal justice policy. Readings Read this week’s Read Me First. Read Ch. 6 of Public Policy Analysis – An Introduction. Read this week’s Electronic Reserve Readings Participation Participate in class discussion. 6-3-14 in class 4 Discussion Questions Respond to weekly discussion questions (Listed at the end of the syllabus). n/a n/a Learning Team Instructions Review this week’s objectives and discuss additional insights and questions that may have arisen. Submit the appropriate completed sections of your Learning Team Logs. Prepare your Learning Team Log. 6-3-14 by 6pm Learning Team Budget and Policy Paper Select a policy issue from the following list: DUI task forces Plea bargaining Offender reentry/integration Victim assistance Immigration War on drugs War on terrorism Prepare a 1,400-1,750-word paper in which you: Summarize the goals in the criminal justice system that your selected policy attempts to achieve. Analyze the effective and ineffective initiatives associated with your selected policy Identify any historical significance that may have impact. Cite your references properly consistent with APA guidelines. A certificate of originality should be submitted with your paper along with a learning team evaluation form from each team member. Also go to the learning team forum and acknowledge your participation. Your assignment WILL NOT be  considered complete without all team members finishing these details. Please name the paper with your Learning Group name followed by â€Å"week4†. 6-3-14 by 6pm 10 Week Five: Globalization of Criminal Justice Policy Details Due Points Objectives 5 5.1 Explain the globalization of criminal justice policy in relationship to contemporary issues. 5.2 Predict the effects of globalization on the development of criminal justice policy in the future. Readings Read this week’s Read Me First. Read Ch. 4 of Public Policy Analysis – An Introduction. Read this week’s Electronic Reserve Readings. 6-10-14 by 6pm Participation Participate in class discussion. 6-10-14 in class 4 Discussion Questions Respond to weekly discussion questions (Listed at the end of the syllabus). 6-10-14 by 6pm n/a Learning Team Instructions Submit your Learning Team Log. Submit your Learning Team Evaluation. Each team member must submit a separate copy to the instructor. 6-10-14 by 6pm Individual Policy Development Paper Select one of the following topics for your paper in which you will develop your own policy to address your chosen issue: Community-Oriented Policing Terrorism–Security Policy for Large Events Leave Policy for officers to work with governments in foreign countries Domestic Violence Policy Elder Abuse Policy Human Trafficking Policy Sex Trafficking Organized Crime Policy Cyberspace/Technology Policy Educational and Training Policy for officers, mid-level managers and executives Reducing prison overcrowding Prepare a 2,100-2,800- word paper in which you research the relevant statistics, facts, resources, and public opinions to develop your own local, statewide, or federal policy recommendation related to the topic you selected. Be prepared to make a7-10 minute presentation on your paper, to include a PowerPoint, outlining your paper and its significant policy recommendation. (If you have a topic in mind that isn’t listed consult your instructor.) You must Include: Your specific identified policy recommendation/s and/or proposal – what is it, and is it city, state, federal? What is the rationale for the proposal or recommendation – why is it relevant and important? What is the impact on contemporary criminal justice issues? What will the impact be in the context of globalization? Your stakeholders and their positions and opinions (politicians judges, prosecutors and defense attorneys, correctional officers, law enforcement  officers/administrators, victims, advocates, and many others) Statistical, factual, public opinion and historical information, which supports your policy claim Obstacles and support for your policy Politics that may impact your policy and how you might address this Cite your references properly consistent with APA guidelines. A certificate of originality should be submitted with your paper. Please name the paper with your last name followed by â€Å"week5†. Note. In addition to the University Library, the National Criminal Justice Reference Service has many articles reflecting contemporary criminal justice policies. http://www.ncjrs.gov 6-10-14 by 6pm 20 14 points on the paper, 6 points on the PP presentation Optional Discussion Questions Week One Discussion Questions What are the steps of developing a policy within the criminal justice arena? How does the United States constitution impact the development of criminal justice policy? Is there a better way in which policy can be developed? Explain. What is the role of state government in criminal justice policy development and implementation? How does the role of the federal government differ from that of state government? What changes would you recommend that would improve the overall process of criminal justice policy development and implementation? What is a legislatively based policy? What is an administrative regulatory policy? How do these various policies impact the criminal justice system?  Compare and contrast the criteria for these two policy types and their impact within the criminal justice system. Explain your answer. What are the rights of the accused? How are these rights affected with regard to the policy mission of protecting the public? What would happen if these rights were not upheld? Explain. What items affect the development criminal justice policy? How are these items addressed and overcome during the development process? What changes to the process would you recommend to improve policy development. Week Two Discussion Questions What is an example of a policy within the courts, police, and corrections at the state level? What is the difference between policy among the courts, police, and corrections at the federal level? Is there a better solution to the way in which these groups approach policy development at a state and/or federal level? Explain. What is the historical evolution of policy within the criminal justice system? How has the approach to policy within the criminal justice system changed over the last 50 years? Compare and contrast the criteria of early criminal justice policy and current criminal justice policy. What is the definition of policy implementation? How can policy implementation improve for better cooperation within the various elements of the criminal justice system? What opportunities for improvement would you recommend for successful policy implementation? Week Three Discussion Questions What are effective criminal justice initiatives at the state level? What are effective criminal justice initiatives at the federal level? How have historical initiatives impacted the criminal justice system currently? Is there a better way to improve criminal justice initiatives at the local,  state, and federal levels? Explain? What are the goals of policy within the criminal justice system? How do these goals contribute to success? How can the goals of a policy be improved to be more effective? Explain. Week Four Discussion Questions What is an example of politics as it relates to budgetary initiatives in criminal justice? How do politics impact budgetary processes? What would happen if politics were more/less involved in the process? Explain. What resources are associated with criminal justice policy development? How do these resources impact the development of criminal justice policy development? How can we improve the relationship between fiscal resources and the development/implementation of criminal justice policy? What are your recommendations? Week Five Discussion Questions What is the impact of globalization on criminal justice policy? How does this affect the development of criminal justice policy? What changes to global criminal justice policy would you suggest/recommend? What are current/contemporary issues that affect criminal justice policy? How do these issues relate to the overall development/implementation of policy? What would happen if globalization wasn’t considered when developing/implementing criminal justice policy? Explain.

Cemex Case Study

Mexico’s largest cement manufacturer, Cemex, has become a global powerhouse in the cement and construction industry. It currently controls 60 percent of the cement industry in Mexico (Hill 2009). Cemex’s success is a result of a combination of efficient technology such as radio transmitters, satellites, and computer hardware that allow the company to anticipate changes in supply and demand and reduce waste.Cemex’s success is also a result of an attempt to dominate the industry by acquiring and buying out competitors worldwide in order to expand. a.Which theoretical explanation, or explanations, of FDI best explains Cemex’s FDI? I believe that internalization theory best explains Cemex’s FDI because Cemex has taken the initiative to enter into many countries and instead of licensing; they bought domestic cement businesses and have grown into a worldwide powerhouse.According to the textbook, internalization theory explains why firms often prefer forei gn direct investment over licensing as a strategy for entering foreign markets (Hill 2009). With the advanced technology that Cemex uses, so licensing would not be the greatest avenue for the company to take in order to protect it’s â€Å"technological know-how† (Hill 2009). b.What is the value that Cemex brings to the host economy? Can you see any potential drawbacks of inward investment by Cemex in an economy? Cemex is the third largest cement company in the world, and a powerhouse in Mexico where it controls 60 percent of the market.Cemex is highly focused on efficient manufacturing and customer service. Distributors are rewarded for their sales, as are users. The primary benefit Cemex brings to host countries involves these competitive advantages. Cemex acquires companies and then transfers technological, management, and marketing know-how to the new units, improving their performance. The company has brought several acquired companies back to full production, incr easing employment opportunities in the host country as well. c. Cemex has a strong preference for acquisitions over greenfield ventures as an entry mode. Why? Cemex has successfully acquired established cement makers in many countries.By acquiring companies rather than establishing them from the ground up, Cemex can avoid some of the delays that could occur in the start-up phase, while at the same time, capitalize on the benefits of an established market presence. Acquiring other businesses is effective because the host economy  already knows the demographics and the market. Cemex would be able to make the business better with their technology and research. A Greenfield venture would be risky and not cost effective. d. Why is majority control so important to Cemex?Majority control is important to Cemex because of the ability to implement its policy of transferring resources. When it does not have majority control it may not be able to transfer its own managing resources to newly a cquired companies. Also, Cemex might want to take advantage of differences in factor costs across countries, so it will be allowed to import parts from other places to reduce costs.

Scrutinizing Adultery in the East Asian milieu through East Asian films

The ThinkExist dictionary states that adultery means immorality or unchastity of thinking as well as demeanour, as outlawed by the seventh commandment. It is the â€Å"unfaithfulness of a married person to the marriage bed; sexual intercourse by a married man with another other than his wife, or voluntary sexual intercourse by a married woman with another other than her husband†.It is regrettable that adultery is becoming extensive and out of control in the society of today. The fact that adultery is becoming widespread is perhaps due to the moral disposition of a particular country and its inhabitants or lack of appropriate implementation of the laws on adultery of a certain country.Astoundingly, adultery can be investigated in diverse contexts depending on the mores or background surrounding which adultery has been looked into. This write-up seeks to explore the concept of adultery in the East Asian context or perception by way of East Asian films or other creative or litera ry works for that matter.In the article Adultery and Bigamy in China, Jeffrey Hays describes how adultery is being depicted in the book â€Å"Bound Feet and Western Dress† by Pang-Mei Natasha Chang. Hays pointed out that the Chinese author Pang-Mei Natasha Chang tells the story of her great aunt Yu-I through this book.The book starts with the childhood days of Yu-I, her arranged marriage to Hsu Chih-Mo (her husband who was unfaithful to her), their divorce and the profession she later had. In this book, the author Pang-Mei Natasha Chang is told by her great aunt Yu-I, â€Å"You always ask me if I loved Hsu Chih-Mo, and you know I cannot answer this. It confuses me, this question, because everyone always tells me that I did so much for Hsu Chih-Mo, I must have loved him.In my entire life, I have never said to anyone, ‘I love you.' If caring for Hsu Chih-Mo and his family was love, then maybe I loved him†. Without a doubt, the book â€Å"Bound Feet and Western Dre ss† enlightens readers of the story of the earliest contemporary adultery in China.The adultery committed by Hsu Chih-Mo, the husband of Yu-I, in the narrative was stimulated by the actuality that the characters in the story were involved in an arranged marriage which is common in China.Arranged marriages can fuel or can cause adulterous acts to be perpetrated by either the husband or the wife with another woman or man correspondingly because of the fact that these types of marriages brings into the marital union two persons who are completely strangers to each other.These strangers are compelled to treat each other as husband and wife without being given the opportunity to know each other well. Hence, it becomes inevitable for any of the spouses to seek extramarital affection through illicit affairs with someone other than their spouses the moment they discovered that they are not really in love with the person they have married.Jeffrey Hays in the article Adultery and Bigamy in China laments that â€Å"simplified marriage procedures have led to a rise in bigamy†. In the past, according to Hays, it was ordinary for rich Chinese men to marry three or four women simultaneously. The wives had diverse responsibilities. They regularly had shared duties in the rearing and raising of their different children.The Chinese authorities plan to make public the nationwide marriage registry online so that wives can investigate their spouses and be convinced that they are not married to other women. The scheme has been initiated in order to eradicate bigamy and other adulterous conduct especially among Chinese men.The Chinese movie â€Å"In the Mood for Love† is another artistic work that depicts adultery in East Asian perspective. The director of the film is Wong Kar Wai. TKL, the assessor of the movie, states that regardless of all the hitches that occurred while the movie was being filmed, it turned out to be one of the best works of Wong Kar Wai.The film, according to TKL, is a soppy work of art that tells the story of a â€Å"couple in love and of lost opportunities†. The central characters in the movie, namely Mrs. Chan and Mr. Chow (Tony Leung) are both married to their respective spouses.They, however, got acquainted with each other and soon traded glimpses and lovely salutations towards each other. An extramarital affair soon began between the two characters after they have determined that their respective spouses were having an illicit affair.TKL continues his movie review by stating that Mrs. Chan and Mr. Chow initially wanted to map out how the illicit affair of their respective spouses began â€Å"until they unknowingly fell in love with each other too†.Mrs. Chan turned down the idea of fostering their extramarital relationship on account of her guilt feelings and on account of the fact that she did not want to be unfaithful like her husband and the wife of Mr. Chow. The film is clouded with romantic pass ions and unexpressed emotions.TKL declares that there was absence of societal restriction and there was no genuine disapproval for adultery. â€Å"The movie carries such pessimistic views†, TKL continues. â€Å"There is no positive message about fighting for love, or overcoming obstacles for love or even that love conquers all†.The movie mainly depicts the lives of those people who are not daring when it comes to love and prefer not to take the risks and spend the rest of their lives in disappointment and misery as a result. It shows how chances that once were lost could be lost perpetually.This Chinese motion picture suggests a familiar view that happiness can be obtained through a prohibited relationship with another person and such bliss can be forever unachievable if one were to select the rightful path. The rightful path is the path that invites one to forget one’s feelings towards someone who is not his or her spouse and evade extramarital relationship.Sou th Korea is one more country besides China which is situated in East Asia. South Korean dramas or motion pictures have achieved prominence and intense popularity in the past years. South Korean actors and actresses themselves have achieved tremendous recognition not only in South Korea but also in other states particularly in Asia and in the countries in the West.Cedric Collemine, in his article Adultery is Secret of Dramas’ Success, proclaims that when unfaithfulness is the main account of a new motion picture or a drama series in South Korea, spectators criticize and state that they have enough of the theme. Nevertheless, it was determined that these same spectators continue to be fastened to their television screens.Spectators pass judgment on stories about adulterous affairs but they still get pleasure from watching them. â€Å"And the more infidelity a show has, the higher its TV ratings are†. Collemine continues his scrutiny by relating that SBS will show a fresh drama series entitled â€Å"The Other Woman† and to separate this drama series from the other drama series, it will illustrate several unsafe extramarital relationships.To demonstrate uniqueness, Collemine states that the conception of the drama â€Å"The Other Woman† is â€Å"double infidelity†. A lady in the drama suffers extreme heartaches because of the illicit affairs committed by her spouse, but then she herself is committing adultery.It is important to mention that the plot that one person suffered pain due to the adulterous relationship of his or her spouse and then later finds himself or herself to fall into another traitorous relationship is parallel to the movie ‘April Snow’, starring Bae Yong-joon and Son Ye-jin.â€Å"My Rosy Life† is another South Korean drama series that is featured in the article Adultery is Secret of Dramas’ Success by Cedric Collemine. The story of â€Å"My Rosy Life† starts with a woman who â €Å"looks back into her own life after her marriage is in shambles after her husband committed adultery†. Jee-su, the central character in the narrative, is a staunch housewife for a decade.Her other half, Jae-min suddenly makes a shocking announcement. The shocking announcement is that Jae-min, her husband, is in love with another woman. He demands a divorce from his wife whom he has been married for thirteen years in order to live with another woman whom he has been having an affair for only two months.Jae-min tries every means in order to get a divorce from Jee-su his wife while Jee-su tries everything to alter the decision of her husband. The divorce came and after which, Jae-min asks his mistress to tie the knot with him but his mistress declines. For the time being, Jee-su lives alone and runs a business when she gets acquainted with a cable TV producer named Do-yeon whom she has fallen in love with.Ironically, the wife of Do-yeon is the mistress of her husband Jae-min. â€Å"Jee-su, who was a victim to the infidelity of her husband, now becomes the afflicter, and the four people get entangled in complicated love relationships†. This narrative, according to the producers, will offer an occasion for fully grown people to bring to mind their lives after marriage.Nevertheless, in contrast to â€Å"My Rosy Life†, which culminates with remorse and a recuperated marriage, â€Å"The Other Woman† inflames the audience with a lot of complex adulterous love affairs. It is safe to proclaim that up to date motion pictures and dramas have had triumph with traitorous themes.Surprisingly, however, in contrast to the triumph that these South Korean dramas and films with adulterous content experience, adulterous relationships perpetrated in actuality are dealt with seriously by the South Korean government. In connection with this, Jack Kim in his write-up, Jail for Adultery Law Upheld, asserts that the highest court of South Korea has upheld a n adultery law that is decades-old.The said adultery law can imprison guilty persons due to the commission of illicit or adulterous love affairs. Some people, however, say that such fact pertaining to imprisonment due to defiance of the adultery law is â€Å"anachronistic and infringes on personal freedom†. According to Jack Kim in his write-up, the court declares that the lawful observation of the general public that â€Å"adultery is damaging to the social order and infringes on the rights of another continues to be effective†.The legal battle began when the lawyers for actress Ok Bo-kyung made an appeal in January of 2008 in connection to the chaotic divorce arrangements that Ok Bo-kyung and her husband had entered into. Ok Bo-kyung disclosed that she indeed had an extramarital affair; nevertheless she accused her husband as an inadequate spouse.â€Å"The adultery law †¦ has degenerated into a means of revenge by the spouse, rather than a means of saving a mar riage,† the petition of Ok Bo-kyung had said. The adultery law was passed by the South Korean government in 1953 for the purpose of protecting women. Kim further disclosed that â€Å"in this male-dominated society, women had little recourse against a husband who had an affair.Back then, if a wife walked out of a marriage, she would often end up alone and penniless†. Currently, it is infrequent for unfaithful spouses to be imprisoned but such fact has not prevented lots of furious spouses from initiating criminal complaints every year. Indeed, it is clear by scrutinizing the circumstances at hand, that the adultery law of South Korea has a very righteous and noble objective which is that of safeguarding the marital rights of women and deferring unfaithful husbands from committing adultery.It is also obvious however, that although the law has been utilized towards that end, it has also been utilized towards other aims such as seeking retribution and justice.The diverse Ea st Asian films and other creative efforts that were dealt with that contained betrayal and adulterous subject matters can be utilized to explore how these films and artistic works reflect the viewpoint of a particular country on adultery and more importantly the character of the people in a particular country.To start with, it is relevant to point out the piece of writing entitled, Film View; What’s Adultery? A Little Sex, A Lot of Politics which is written by Caryn James. James, in her writing states that it is significant to examine what several film makers are doing for adultery at present. No less than eight movies from seven nations have provided a notion of betrayal around the globe in the past days.James pointed out that it is a clearly identifiable indication of a tumultuous â€Å"social era†. The film â€Å"Ju Duo† which is set in China in the 1920’s has a familiar storyline which is that of an arranged marriage between an adolescent girl and an elder man.The arranged marriage directs the adolescent woman to commit infidelity which unfortunately leads to murder. The Japanese film â€Å"The Sting of Death† on the other hand, illustrates a woman who realizes the adultery committed by her husband and goes crazy. James, in his writing cleverly pronounces that films like â€Å"Ju Duo†, â€Å"The Sting of Death† as well as the manuscript entitled, â€Å"Bound Feet and Western Dress† bring to the fore conjugal faithlessness to an imaginative and creative aspiration.James said that â€Å"in all these films, adultery is more than a matter of love or passion†. These films use the account of the marriage and adultery of a person to unveil societal insincerity in order to examine and condemn â€Å"one of the most crucial standards by which any culture lives†.â€Å"Most often, infidelity becomes a symbolic act of rebellion against the traditional social order†. Simply put, the diverse Eas t Asian movies particularly those in China that has adultery as their main theme are utilized by filmmakers in order to demonstrate their condemnation and disapproval of the existence of arranged marriages as part of the culture and common practices in China.Their disapproval on arranged marriages is being manifested in a subtle and imaginative fashion.Every East Asia film on adultery has been dealt with in a manner attributable to the â€Å"cinematic style† of each country in order to portray exceptionality and to present an informative â€Å"cross-cultural view†. In movies such as â€Å"Ju Dou†, adulterous conduct is unequivocally illustrated as a brave opposition against obsolete and old-fashioned practices. James said that these movies enlighten viewers of zeal and aggression, but they are more concerned with societal commentary.In the film â€Å"Ju Dou†, every ensuing behaviour of the main character named Ju Dou rebels the common practices of China t hat fastens her to an abusive spouse. â€Å"The affair and illegitimate son she has with Tian Qing are both symbolic and personal†. The abusive husband, so despicable that he attempts to kill the child, symbolizes the wicked traditions (and in addition the Chinese government dominion) that have held China back.When the wicked husband dies, a family leader calls upon the prehistoric ideas and evicts Tian Qing. â€Å"Challenging such rigid social patterns is both heroic and tragic and in this context, the persistent love between Ju Dou and Tian Qing is as much a failed social rebellion as it is a private passion†. James further said that in films such as â€Å"Ju Dou, the movie producer feels sorry for seditious lovers, whose ardent opposition to tradition bears figurative credence.The other personalities in the movie who contest the arranged marriage and the penalty for adultery are likewise tough characters. Nevertheless, the insurgence falls short, leading to a berea vement that functions as a powerful condemnation of obsolete common practices for its own sake. The film â€Å"The Sting of Death†, on the other end, is much more unequivocal in its utilization of adulterous theme as a ‘social metaphor’.â€Å"The film uses the medium of the relationship of a husband and wife to graphically depict the character of the Japanese people in the post war era†.The wife in this story married a soldier about to be sent to battle. This movie does not portray an arranged marriage but it is one that is â€Å"coloured by the exigencies of war and nationalism† and â€Å"when she discovers his infidelity after ten years of marriage and two children, the screen overflows with his guilt, her obsessive recriminations and mutual threats of suicide†.Certainly, the various East Asia movies and creative works that were scrutinized in this composition reflect the objective of the movie producers in creating such films with adultero us subject matters. These movie producers want to make a virulent statement towards the government of the country where they inhabit.These movie makers used artistic mechanisms to display their condemnation of a certain rigid societal pattern or to display their abhorrence or adoration to adultery itself and finally to demonstrate their deliberation on the quality of the people in a particular country specially those countries wherein which adulterous relationship is rampant. Works CitedCollemine, Cedric. â€Å"Adultery is Secret of Dramas’ Success†. December 2, 2005. .Hays, Jeffrey. â€Å"Adultery and Bigamy in China†. April 2010. .James, Caryn. â€Å"Film View; What’s Adultery? A Little Sex, A Lot of Politics†. October 14, 1990. .Kim, Jack. â€Å"Jail for Adultery Law Upheld†. October 30, 2008. .ThinkExist, â€Å"Meaning of Adultery†. 2010. TKL, â€Å"In the Mood for Love†. 2008. < http://www.spcnet.tv/Movies/In-the-Mood-for-Love-review-r444.html>.

Drug Trafficking in the UAE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Drug Trafficking in the UAE - Essay Example The United Arab Emirates is one of the world’s fastest growing economies as well as tourist destinations. Recently, the attraction of this region to international drug syndicates has heightened awareness by UAE authorities in addressing this danger. This brief paper shall highlight the drug trafficking problem that threatens the federation, and the measures that have been adopted within the past decade to ensure the region’s security. Concepts that will be discussed involve: drug trafficking, which includes the sales, distribution, possession with intent to distribute or sell, manufacturing, and smuggling of controlled substances (wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn); drug abuse, which involves taking a psychoactive drug or performance enhancing drug for a non-therapeutic or non-medical effect; drug possession, or the crime of having one or more illegal drugs in one’s possession, either for personal use, distribution, sale or otherwise; and narcotics, which are d rugs that produce numbness or stupor, and are often taken for pleasure or to reduce pain; extensive use can lead to addiction. Developments in the drug trafficking problem The UAE has been lauded by the International Narcotics Control Board (INCB), the UN organization that monitors anti-drug activities worldwide, for the efforts made by the federation to fight drug abuse and trafficking. Evidence of these have been documented by news articles in the media, some of the more recent and more remarkable of which are presented here: 1.The Emirati Navy, Coast Guards, and other maritime coalition forces operating in the Gulf cooperated through information exchange and maritime coalition, in the seizure of nearly 30 tonnes of hashish at sea in just four months.

Answer 3 questions about the language teaching and learning Essay

Answer 3 questions about the language teaching and learning - Essay Example The subjects were administered a grammaticality judgment test consisting of 276 English sentences, some grammatical and others ungrammatical. The results showed that those AOA was less than 17 performed better. In a re-analysis of this data conducted by Bialstok and Hakuta (1994), there were significant correlations in both groups if the cut-off point was taken to be 20 instead of 17. Such studies cast some doubt on the CPH. Even if one single exception to the rule is discovered, the theory is falsified. But does it deserve to be falsified? The complications arise on account of a number of factors. The tests conducted to judge the proficiency of learners is significant. They perform better in the written tests than in oral tests. Moreover, there are so many areas when we refer to linguistic competency – phonology, morphophoniology, syntax, dialect, discourse processes, pragmatics etc. De Keyser replicated Johnson and Newport’s study and concluded that there is a critica l age for language acquisition provided the CPH is understood narrowly, as applying only to implicit learning of abstract structures. Other factors which matter are whether the adult learners get any instruction, what type of instruction and for what duration. We can conclude that evidence against CPH is available no doubt but evidence supporting the CPH is much more and significant. A very interesting example is that of Indian children who were made to learn by heart Sanskrit verses by heart irrespective of their mother tongue. They recited them clearly and fluently even though they did not understand the meaning. Deliberate efforts on the part of adults who could comprehend the meaning were also not successful!!! The safest way is to follow the thumb rule – the earlier, the better, in language learning, as in everything else. Q3. Which theory of SLA appeals to you most? A good theory in SLA should address questions like what does L2 knowledge consist of and how that knowled ge is acquired. The roles of both nature and nurture are significant in SLA. Eacg theory deals with a different aspect of SLA. All theories contribute substantially to SLA. They are complementary to each other. Goals to SLA learning cannot be ignored, nor can process of learning, immersion or instruction. At the same time, we have to admit that something like UG does exist. The CPH also cannot be altogether discarded. However, Krashen’s Input Theory and explicit instruction is the most proven as far as success in SLA goes. Input can be specially prepared, graded, monitored and delivered in order to make SLA a well-organized, satisfying experience. Its results are also known to be durable. Q 1. Discuss and evaluate Norris and Ortega’s seminal study of the effectiveness of L2 instruction. A bulk of research reports on effectiveness of L2 instruction was published during 1980 and 1998. Norris and Ortega carried out a systematic analysis of these reports and arrived at cer tain important conclusions related to major aspects of L2 instruction. It was Long ( 1983 ) who first concluded that instruction makes a difference in L2 acquisition as compared to naturalistic exposure. Norris and Ortega observe that all reports share the premise that the goal of instructional intervention is to change the focal attention of learners

Why Was America Taken by Surprise on 11 September 2001 Essay

Why Was America Taken by Surprise on 11 September 2001 - Essay Example The country itself is guarded by strong defenses. With a land army of total weapons of 56,269, air power of 18, 234 aircrafts and naval power of 2,834 ships1 she has become a symbol of military might. Furthermore, with a resilient intelligence network comprising of CIA, the country is apparently able to keep threats away. The story of 9/11 developed very interestingly. On the morning of September 11, 2001 four commercial planes were hijacked by terrorists affiliated with Al-Qaeda, an Islamic extremist group. The number of terrorists was expected to be around 19 that carried suicide attacks in three different places. The first two planes crashed into the World Trade Center in New York, the third destructed a part of the Pentagon while the fourth crashed in a field of Pennsylvania. This was a massive and atrocious attack on the land of America causing immense collateral damage.2 Who would have expected the day when America crippled into the depths of shock and horror with strong defens ive shields mentioned above. A major chunk of the American economy flourishing in the WTC was deflated. The Pentagon that is the central decision making body of the country was so vulnerable and the trans-border security on the airports was so weak that no one could keep a check on any unusual activities. All of these loopholes resulted in the death of more than 3000 civilians3 on 9/11. When the episode of 9/11 is dug deep, one comes across a lot of questions. For instance, why did a non-state actor attack America? How did it get the capability to penetrate inside the country? Was there an insider involved? Does it prove the failure of President George W. Bush’s administration or was it another excuse to wage war like the Pearl Harbor attack in 1941? All of these questions have affected the lives of Americans itself. Right after the country was attacked, President George W. Bush declared war on terror and put forward a proposal of â€Å"either you are with us or them (terror ists)† before the world making states choose between the devil and the deep blue sea. President Bush invested heavily to wage the war against Osama Bin Laden, the culprit responsible for planning and executing the attacks. He started off with bombarding Afghanistan in 2001 which hasn’t stopped yet even after a decade. The attacks had huge impact on the lives of each and every American. If one goes back in time, he will realize that the impact was equally large six decades ago when the Empire of Japan attacked Pearl Harbor toppling U.S Navy on the Hawaiian coast. Like 9/11, the attack on Pearl Harbor came as a surprise and both the attacks took approximately 3000 lives. On the second day of the attack President Roosevelt declared war on Japan starting World War II4. It was the first time ever in the history of mankind that a nuclear bomb was dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Similarly, President Bush announced to hunt down every terrorist in the world right after the WT C crippled. Hence, the defense budget started increasing at the cost of human lives. The most striking and ironic fact about these two attacks was that both the Presidents knew about them in advance. They knew that their country was under threat and could be attacked at any moment. It was in a newspaper on 30th November 1941 that warned of Japanese strike on the American homeland when the naval fleet came under attack on 7th December 1941. The President was questioned regarding knowledge of the attack beforehand. It was later investigated and revealed that it was the President himself and some members of his administration that delayed the conveyance of the warning messages given by the United Kingdom to Hawaii. 5 President

Food Insecurity in Sub-Saharan Africa and implication to US National Essay

Food Insecurity in Sub-Saharan Africa and implication to US National Security - Essay Example In this regard, the Sub-Saharan Africa is the most hit by conflicts that can be associated with food insecurity. The conflicts that often emerge because of food insecurity tend to destroy local economies. As a result, there is forced migration, creation of refugee populations, emergent of diseases such as cholera and the collapse of social institutions. In Sub-Saharan Africa, food insecurity has contributed to civil wars, communal conflicts, and democratic breakdowns1. Where there is a conflict, other issues prop up, and they influence how people express their discontent with the lack of food security. Such factors are context specific and include demographic, social, political and economic factors. As a region that is still developing, the Sub-Saharan Africa relies on the Western countries for support to improve their institutions. In this regard, a major developed country that plays a key role in promoting social, political and economic development in Sub-Saharan Africa is the Unit ed States. However, as the problem of food insecurity continues to persist in the region, the United States finds itself involved in solving African conflicts2. As a result, it is plausible for food insecurity in Sub-Saharan Africa to have an implication on United States national security and the military respectively. In most Sub-Saharan Africa countries, food insecurity is a major issue and is often a result of scarce resources such as water and land. In the search for these scarce commodities, communal conflicts often emerge and can escalate to a civil war particular when the government supports one warring faction in the conflict. An example in this sense is the Darfur conflict that escalated into a civil war and displaced millions. Further, an increase in food prices creates conflict because, high food prices erode real income and the affected in extreme cases, are driven to drastic measures that include

Conduct a critical examination and discussion of the Assignment

Conduct a critical examination and discussion of the Marketing-Entrepreneurship interface and the proposed use of Entrepreneurial Marketing within small firms - Assignment Example These challenges include constraints such as financial, marketing, management, customer services and so on. Furthermore, Day and Reynolds, (2011) makes recommendations that in order to increase the survival rate of new and other small business, these businesses shall give considerable attention to the Entrepreneurial Marketing. Entrepreneurial Marketing as a system has evolved to reduce the gap between the resources and capabilities required for employing traditional marketing tactics and the constraint resources of the new venture (Collinson & Shaw, 2001). According to Morris et al. (2002) Entrepreneurial Marketing is a system through which the new business ventures attempts to exploit the opportunities proactively, that enables the business to serve the new customers and retaining profitable ones with ideas that have not been presented yet to the market. This proactive system of value creation also allows the small ventures for risk management by effectively and efficiently managing limited resources accordingly. Therefore, with the EM the entrepreneurs do not only rely on basic marketing of four Ps but also at the same time give consideration to the innovative ideas that rejuvenate the concept to the target customers. In addition to this, it also implies that small business shall have considered all per spective that reduces the risk of doing business (Hills, Hultman, & Miles, 2008). For example, Dindin Kitchen is among the recently opened restaurants in London. The food industry in London is highly mature and competitive; therefore, small business with the idea to enter the restaurant industry differentiated its business offering with the Persian cuisine. With a limited budget, the business not only offered the differentiated idea, but also the limited offerings in order to explore the market response. Additionally, the one pager website as well as the social media account have been used which is as

Management government 4500 Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Management government 4500 - Term Paper Example A technology battles against other technological designs to achieve dominance (Suarez, 2004). Notably, just like any other technology, genetic engineering technology experiences various battle milestones in different stages of a dominance battle to achieve dominance. Battles for dominance occur where two or more technologies apply in one firm within the same industry (Suarez, 2004). In this context, the outcome of the technological battle will determine the fate of genetic engineering technology and the success of the products of this technology. Each milestone marked the beginning of a new stage in the dominance battle where each stage had different dynamics that derived distinct factors associated with dominance (Suarez, 2004). Biologists achieved the first milestone in overcoming startup challenges while trying to introduce the technology for commercial purposes. This was in in the first stage of dominance battle that introduced the key characteristics of the technology. The secon d milestone was in the second stage that demonstrated the technical feasibility of the technology and related to the appearance of the ?rst working prototype (Suarez, 2004) of the GMO that warned other technologies. Moreover, the successful introduction of the first GMO for commercial purposes was another milestone in the dominance process though it was too expensive for the mass market. This was in the third stage that created the market for the technology. The fourth milestone related to establishment of GMOs as clear front-runner in a stage with several competitors in the dominance battle where this technology stood a chance of winning the battle (Suarez, 2004). Ultimately, the technology’s achievement of dominance marked the last milestone where the technology is now dominant in many industries as it occupies a significant market share (Suarez, 2004). This was in the last stage of dominance battle where genetic engineering technology emerged as a clear dominant technology in the market. Response 2 The organic food industry poses a relevant ethical dilemma on whether the benefits of developing and supplying GMOs supersede the future demerits that GMOs may pose for the environment, human beings, and the animal kingdom. To this effect, I recommend that the world addresses the possible adverse effects of using GMOs and seek to achieve global food security through sound scientific principles. Such a move would be consistent with the actor’s basic duties of seeking to achieve global food security. At the same time, this recommendation will respect the rights and other legitimate claims of the affected parties as it will ensure that human beings, the ecosystem, and animals are free from the adverse effects of GMOs and that animals and human beings are free from hunger. This recommendation is equally compatible with the scientists’ deep commitment of ensuring global food security without jeopardizing the future lives of the affected parties. R esponse 3 Based on Franco Malerba’s reading â€Å"Innovation and the dynamics and evolution of industries: progress and challenges,† I choose to describe how the structure and current state of emergence in the organic food industry affects competition and innovation. There have been various analyses on the relationship between innovation and the dynamics and evolution of industries, which includes the organic food

King Lear and his relationships with his daughters Research Paper

King Lear and his relationships with his daughters - Research Paper Example A later version, The Tragedy of King Lear was included in the 1623 First Folio. As a rule, the present-day editors conflate the two; however some maintain that each version possesses its individual integrity that ought to be preserved. After the Restoration, the play used to be revised to have a happy end for the audiences who hated the plays depressing and dark tone, yet since the nineteenth century William Shakespeare’s original version has been esteemed one of his most outstanding achievements. The tragedy is especially noted for its observations upon the nature of human kinship and sufferings. Elderly King Lear wishes to retire from his throne. He makes a decision to divide his kingdom among the three daughters of his. Moreover he offers the largest portion to the one who is the favorite one. Regan and Goneri flatter the father claiming that they love him more than anything else in this world and their speeches please him much. Cordelia has nothing to compare her love to. Furthermore she has no words to express it as eloquently as her sisters do. She speaks frankly, honestly though bluntly, so that is her manner to speak that eventually infuriates Lear. Being infuriated he disinherits Cordelia and divides his kingdom between Goneril and Regan. Earl Kent objects to such an unfair treatment. Lear gets still more enraged by the protests of Kent, so he banishes the Earl from the kingdom. The Duke of Burgundy abandons his suit having learnt that his fiancee has just been disinherited, though the King of France is so impressed by Cordelia’s honesty that marries her as she is. The King announces he is going to live alternately with Regan and Goneri and their husbands, the Duke of Cornwall and the Duke of Albany respectively. The King reserves to himself as a suite of a hundred knights to be supplied by his daughters. Egan and Goneril speak tete-a-tete and agree that Lear is foolish and old. Edmund resents his status and plots to restore his legitimat e elder brother Edgar. He deceives Gloucester, his father with forged letter and thus makes him think that Edgar plots to usurp the realm. Kent comes back from exile disguised as Caius, so King Lear hires him as his servant. Lear finds out that Goneril has power now. Moreover she does not respect him any more. She demands that he behave himself better and eventually reduces the number of her father’s suite. Infuriated, Lear leaves for Regan’s home. The Fool jeers at his master’s misfortune. Edmund simulates an attack by Edgar so Gloucester absolutely taken in. Thereupon he disinherits Edgar and proclaims the latter outlaw. Then Kent meets Oswald at the home of Gloucester, quarrels with the former. As a result Reagan and Cornwall have him put in stocks. When Lear arrives, he protests yet Regan takes the same course as Goneril. This infuriates the King yet he finds himself impotent to do anything. Eventually Lear indulges his rage. He goes out into the storm to ye ll at his dishonest daughters, attended by the jeering fool. Then Kent follows to protect Lear. Gloucester argues against the King’s maltreatment. Wandering through the field after the storm, King Lear meets Edgar disguised as Tom O’Bedlam, who is mad. Edgar babbles foolishly while the King denounces the daughters of his. Gloucester leads them all to the shelter. Then Gloucester is betrayed by Edmund to Goneril, Regan

Fashion Management Design Lulu Lemon Brand Essay

Fashion Management Design Lulu Lemon Brand - Essay Example The paper "Fashion Management Design Lulu Lemon Brand" concerns the Lulu Lemon's Fashion Management Design. The toolkit is implied by the Three Pillars of Sustainability, which contains Economic, Ecological and Social dimensions. The term ‘sustainable development’ was born in 1987 by United Nations Commission on Environment and Development. The idea of equal attitude towards the three pillars is grounded on the hypothesis, that human needs cannot be met by one single pillar; economy, ecology and social issues are the three interconnected systems which are to remain stable. In reality, such equality doesn’t exist and economic side tends to be more convincing. Ecological and social pillars are less disputed, but ironically, they are the ones to be stressed in the first place, and the profitability is to follow naturally. In case of Lulu Lemon brand, the past experience and failures in particular need to be traced and analyzed; they are the indicators to show the dir ection to be followed in order to develop a sustainable strategy. The brand known as Lululemon Athletica was established in early 1998 by Chip Wilson. It is a Canadian company, specialized in yoga and athletic clothing. The targeted segment is the educated woman leading healthy and active lifestyle. Basically, Lululemon has developed a community-based strategy, promoting healthier, longer and fun lives. Basically, the Lululemon brand is not just about selling clothing, it is targeted at building loyalty by means of grassroots marketing.

Marines Essay Example for Free

Marines Essay The organization I chose is the U. S. Marines. I have a few friends who are in the Marines and thought I would like to know more about the inner workings of the core, from what my friends have to say to what can be read in articles and books. â€Å"The Marine Corps in the only general-purpose force in the Department of Defense trained and equipped as the Nation’s first responder. † (Conway, 2010) So, basically, the mission of the Marines is to be completely trained and ready to go if ever needed on short notice. The philosophy and vision for the Marines is to have the most courageous soldiers who possess the mental ability to think of their own and follow orders given to them to protect our people from all enemies. The Marines are a branch of the military, which means they are obviously similar to the Navy, Army and Airforce. Their motto, â€Å"the few and the proud†, refers to the many people who may try to join and the elite who actually make it though. They are the first to enter a warzone and are highly trained to make sure they know exactly what to do if that situation arises. Operating â€Å"far from the flagpole†, without the direct supervision of senior leadership but under the unforgiving scrutiny of the media, our young Marines must be integrated with the quality of character necessary to permit effective, independent decision making under extreme stress. † This quote directly relates to the idea of the Marines because they are usually in small groups with minimum leadership and sent into unfamiliar places, in which they must assess the situation in front of them and act accordingly. Although all branches of our military are equally important in my eyes, each has their own views of importance inside our military. Marines are viewed as an elite group of individuals from the top chain of command to the grunts in the field. The Marines run as any other company, they are recruited and trained and sent off to do their respective job s. They are compensated for their service and can choose to go career and spend their entire lives in the military. I believe their espoused values do align with their enacted values because they are said to be courageous and brave, and that is what we hear about and see when they are portrayed in the media. There are many factors, such as secret missions, that may be going on as we speak that we may never know about that could question the way we interpret their values but as an American I believe the missions they carry out are in our best interest.

Imports of French Wine in China

Imports of French Wine in China Report on French wine from France to China France shared about one third of the import wine market in China. And China is now the fifth biggest export destination for French wine. In Figure 1, we briefly describe the main process of French wine from France to China. Figure 1. Main Process of French Wine Supply chain The supplier in the supply chain is the French vineyard. The manufacturer, winery, purchase the grapes from the vineyard and ship the wine to bottling estate. The French wine import company, as the distributor, import different brands of French wine and then distribute all the French wine to retailers in China such as Carrefour and Walmart. At last, Chinese customers can buy French wine from these retailers. Regarding to the organizational network in this case, wineries or agencies of the import companies play the role of shipper. And the import companies play the role of consignee. At port of arrival, the financial flows are from import companies which is the distributor to the forwarder and bank; from forwarder to customs, inspection authorities, on carriers and shipping line agent; from shipping line agents to port authorities, port services, customs and terminal operators. At port of departure, the financial flows are from shipping line agents to port authorities, customs, port s ervices and terminal operator; from forwarders to insurance companies, pre-carriers and shipping line agents; from wineries or agents of import companies, which are the shippers in this case, to the forwarder. And connect the organizational network in ports of departure together with the network in ports of arrival, the financial flow also exists from banks in ports of arrival to banks in ports of departure and from banks in ports of departure to the wineries or agents of import companies. When it comes to the logistics network, the goods flows generally follow the main process of the supply chain. Wines are bottled by bottling estates and stuffed in empty containers and then transported to the export terminals. Containers with wines then collected and loaded on sea vessels and arrive import terminals. At last, after discharged from sea vessels, wines can be collected by import companies and distributed to retailers. If we put the supply chain processes into a cycle view, the procur ement cycle is between wineries/bottling estates and vineyards/bottles suppliers. The manufacturing cycle is between wineries/bottling estates and French wine import companies. The replenishment cycle is between French wine import companies and retailers such as Carrefour and Wal-mart. And the customer order cycle is between retailers and customers such as restaurants and individuals. On the other hand, if restaurants or other customers place orders directly to the import companies, the import companies bypass the retailer such as Carrefour and Wal-mart, then the customer order cycle will be between customers and import companies, and the replenishment and manufacturing cycle will be between import companies and wineries. If we put the supply chain in a push/pull view, retailers execute the process in the customer order cycle after the customer order arrives. All processes that are part of the customer order cycle are pull processes. And other processes from suppliers to retailers a re push processes because they respond to speculated rather than actual demand. If we also take direct order from customers to import companies into consideration, the push/pull boundary will be between import companies and customers, and import companies will be the actual retailers in this situation. There are several transport activities involve in French wine. First, vineyards ship fresh grapes to the wineries. Second, wineries will use the producing process to brew wine. Third, wines will be transported to bottling estates to subpackage them to wine bottles or just handled by bulk in barrels. Meanwhile, empty bottles and corks are transported to bottling estates for bottling French wines. No matter what kind of packages, bottles or bulk, wine will be loaded to containers. The containers which load wine bottles or barrels will be shipped by sea transport or air transports. Figure 2. Sea transport route from France (Paris) to China (Shanghai) The sea transport route from France (Port Rouen) to China (Shanghai) is mainly through the Suez Canal and showed in Figure 2. After wine arrive at the port, they will be stored in warehouse of distributors. When Distributors received orders from retailors, they will ship the wine to retailors’ warehouse and customers are able to purchase French wines from retailors, just like Wal-mart or the shop of vintner. On the other hand, some big customers, for instance, hotels will give orders directly to the distributors to get French wine and they store wines in their cellar. The main packages used to transport wines are barreled or bottled, they will all be loaded into containers for further sea transport or air way which we mentioned above. However, bottled wines are more popular than bulk ones to individual custumers and restaurants. Due to glass bottles are fragile cargo, transport requirements are undoubtedly more higher than normal goods. Reefer containers are requested for several types of wines to maintain the transport temperature at about 10 degree centigrade, which cause transport costs for wines are higher. For French wines, storage and handling procedure happen in all process of supply chain. The storage of fresh grape in vineyards and wineries. The wines stored during manufacturing procedure and warehouses of distributors and retailors. The main handling process of French wines to China is container ship voyage and showed in figure. After arriving at China port, wines will be discharged from containers and sent to distributors’ wareho use. Finally wines will be delivered to final destination that is retailors’ shops according to retailors’ order. This is the main logistics network design of French wine to China. To assess important supply chain characteristics of French wine to China, we have to understand French wines’ characteristics and their customers. The transport requirements of French wines are high due to the frangibility of glass bottles and a constant temperature is requested in the whole supply chain of French wine. On the other hand, French wines are variable and classified to different levels, from Vin de Table to A.O.C so that target customers are totally different. As a result of that, the uncertainty of French wines to China are higher than normal beverage supply chain, such as fruit juice or bears. From the book of Sunil Chopra and Peter Meindl, supply chain responsiveness including the definitions: â€Å"Respond to wide ranges of quantities demanded; Meet short lead times; Handle a large variety of products; Build highly innovative products; Meet a high service level and Handle supply uncertainty†. Based on Chinese custom reportà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’Chinese imports of wines increased from 2.86 hundred million in 2010 to reach 3.95 hundred million in 2012. French wines share about one of third import wine market of China. The quantities and variety of French wines increasingly raised and their characteristics of high value-added than normal beverage require a higher service level. From the question 3, we estimate the transport and warehousing costs of the final product price which we notice the transport cost of French wine to China are higher than normal beverage like Coca-Cola is about 6% of final price. So supply chain efficiency of French wine supply chain is not great due to costs of manufacturing and delivering to customer is not average compared to other beverage supply chain. â€Å"The Great Wall† wine is a famous wine brand in China which manufacture in Hebei Province and all its supplier is from China. It is very clear that the transport cost, labor cost and material cost are obviously lower than French wines that manufactured in France and bottled in France. And the target market of â€Å"The Great Wall† is focus on the low-end market so that the price of â€Å"The Great Wall† is also lower than some brands of French wines. A normal bottle of â€Å"The Great Wall† retail price in 750 ml is about 3 to 5 euro and a French one is about 10 to 15 euro. According to a Chinese wine information website, the profit of French wines in China is about 30%~50% and Chinese wines are only about 11% which is much lower than French wine. From the aspect of supply chain characteristics, Chinese wines are not like French wines, the brand of Chinese wines are much less and manufactured by only several big companies. Due to focal warehouse and m anufacture with headquarter in China, Chinese wines supply chain can use minimize inventory and pursue the lowest cost of transport. â€Å"The Great Wall† can predict the market more accurate than French wine company and the uncertainty of domestic supply chain is lower. The conclusion is that â€Å"The Great Wall† wine compared to French wine supply chain is less responsive. However, its supply chain efficiency is greater than French brands imported from France. After evaluating the supply chain of French wine from France to China and comparing it with local brands, we conclude that the supply chain has some disadvantages as follows. Firstly, due to the sea transportation part, the transportation costs are much higher for French wine than those for local brands. Secondly, a French wine costomer places greater emphasis not on quantity of the product but the product variety and response time than on cost. So that wineries need to base their competitive strategies on costomer priorities. However, also due to the sea transportation part, wineries may fail to response immediately to costomers’ orders of French wines of different year. For example, once a costomer want one bottle of French wine produced in 2004, and he can’t find it in Carrefour and Wal-mart, he will turn to local brands’ products. To solve this problem, our idea is to build a new vineyard and chateau in China. Through this new strategy design of supply chain, wineries are able to transport French wines by road or railway instead of sea transportation, which can dramatically reduce the transportation costs for wineries. Furthermore, wineries don’t need to cooperate with import companies anymore and take over the role of distributor, which can increase the supply chain ownership. Last but not least, this new supply chain strategy also fit the competitive strategy better since wineries can response immediately to costomers’ priority of product variety. On the other hand, it takes time for wineries to build local vineyard and chateau in China, so they have to keep the old supply chain strategy before the local vineyard and chateau are built. Besides, the investment in China also influence the profit of wineries in the short run. But we believe that the new strategy is much better and it worth the investment in a long run. References Searates database (2015), †Sea Route from Paris to Shanghai†, Searates,  http://www.searates.com/services/routes-explorer/?filter-st=1from=alat=48.856614alng=2.3522219000000177to=blat=31.230416blng=121.473701container= derived in 2015.1.10 Chopra S, Meindl P. Supply chain management. Strategy, planning operation [M]. Gabler, 2007. Weining Du, French Wine Importation and distribution in Shanghai [D]. East China University of Science and Technology, 2010. Xudong Pan, A study on China Coca-Cola Supply Chain Model [D]. Xiamen University, 2002. Anonymous (2012), â€Å"Statistics report about 2012 Import wines†, wine.cn,  http://www.wine.cn/html/201302/17560.html derived in 2015.1.11 Great Wall Wine Staff (2015), â€Å" Brand Introduction of Great Wall Wine†, Great Wall Wine,  http://www.greatwallwine.com.cn/pinpaijieshao.html derived in 2015.1.10

The Most Important Thing In Communication Is Hearing Communications Essay

The Most Important Thing In Communication Is Hearing Communications Essay Good communication is important, but what is communication anyway? The exchange of information? Many people think that communication is the same as the use of language. An understandable thought, because without a language it would probably be impossible to pass on information for this assignment. People spend about seventy percent of their day on language, this means talking, listening, reading and writing. Therefore language is very important for people to pass on information. A man with a red head, throbbing veins and a clenched fist, crying out: ‘Are you kidding me, I am not angry. This shows that we are not only communicating in languages (verbal communication), but also through body language (nonverbal communication). In this case, the nonverbal communication includes the red-faced head, throbbing veins, clenched fists, his volume and the tone of voice. Verbal and nonverbal expressions have different communication powers. The person from the example claims that he was not angry, but most people will not believe him. Because his body language ‘says something else. In cases in which language and body language contradict each other, the body is believed rather than the spoken word. Types of nonverbal communication Facial expression Emotions can be found throughout the whole body, posture and by gestures, but especially on the face. You can read a lot of emotions from the position of the eyebrows, mouth and particularly the lips. Non verbal communication can be a huge difference in cultures. But the facial expression for happiness, sadness, anger and fear are similar throughout the whole world. Gestures Some people support their story with many movements. Sometimes they need to beckon the people to make something clear. For example, you would specify how big or small something is or you have to make a move. This includes movement of the hands, face, or other parts of the body. Sometimes simple gestures are symbols, as the fist with the thumb up: ‘Well done or with the thumbs down. ‘Really bad. Eye-contact Eyes are the mirror of the soul. The most deep and intense emotions are expressed through the eyes. Therefore eye contact is almost a synonym for personal contact. It is also very sensitive, because when you look someone too long to attract attention, this can be seen as rude or even intrusive, this is only the case when the other side doesnt want any contact. It can also be nice to have eye contact and it might be interesting to see how the other responds. Maintaining eye contact while both speaking and listening is a sign of confidence and interest. Posture Your body language can give you an individual status or power. It says something about who you are. For example, when you are a little shy, you will probably look to the ground. The movements of your hands and feet can be a bit slow. If you are a proud person you will walk with your head up, shoulders back, chest forward and with a lot of enthusiasm. Communication through object communication In our culture, the choice of clothing is an important way to communicate without words. Someone who will apply for a job will generally watch carefully what he wears and if anyone should give a presentation to a group of important people he will not normally do that in a pair of jeans. It is therefore surprising to see that relatively little research has been conducted to see a person clothing. It does appear that someones clothing should not underestimated the importance for the picture others have of him and the impact that his words are. But it is very difficult to cover general rules. What we can say is that people respond more positively to someone wearing similar clothing than someone with a totally different style. An American student had to interview farmers as vacation work. The first day he dressed in a suit with tie. He received little cooperation from the farmers. When he decided to wear jeans and a working shirt, he got considerably more response from the farmers. Someone appears to be believed better when his clothes and hair are better cared. But this is only the case when people do not know each other, so they have to make a good first impression. In the business world there are usually very strict dress rules. Not (well) aware of these rules can have a major impact on how others respond to you. Wrong choices in this area may therefore be harmful to your career. If you are underdressed or overdressed it may have a result in falling out of place. Appearance When you look at someones appearance, you can see how someone feels or what they want to radiate. For example, if someone has a hair bun it radiates neatness and meticulousness. Short shaven hair and spines radiate an easy and modern behavior. A beard may indicate wisdom, but also someone who is slovenly or it has to do with religion beliefs. If a woman has shaved hair it can arouse the suspicion that she is a lesbian, which is often a prejudice. Clothing Clothing can also be a form of communication. For example, you can see what kind of job the person has. When he/she wears a suit, he or she probably has an office job. You can also see what kind of music someone loves, (Punk, hardcore, RB) by the clothes they are wearing. For a lot of people branded clothing is often an important factor. It gives a certain status and suggests a certain quality. It often can characterize a particular group. Colors When you pay attention to colors you can see how someones life is. For example, someone wearing lots of bright, cheerful colors, is often an optimistic person. And someone with all-black clothes radiates sadness or just wants to make a statement. When and how to make eye contact in different cultures Like all mammals, the behavior of the eyes of people is very important. We have already seen that people respond positively to pupil expulsions. However, if someone sees something unpleasant, pupils will be smaller. The preference for the eyes seems to be a natural feature. Babies that are an hour old show a strong preference for forms that strongly resemble a face compare to other forms. Another very important sign is eye contact with the eyes. People who love each other are looking with pleasure to each other. If someone looks at another person for a longer period, so that is seems not be functional, will look aggressive. This applies much more for men than women. Men who have too much eye contact are more experienced as dominant or even aggressive compared to women. This is probably because too tightly is associated with rage and anger. Many teachers use the viewing behavior as an indicator if they want to select students whos homework they will check. After the teacher asks a question, he or she looks around the classroom. Students know the answer, will look to the teacher, while students who do not know the answer will often avoid eye contact. By looking at eye movements of people, you can see how people think about issues.  § If someone thinks visually and he will look left or right or look right through the center tail.  § If someone thinks phonetically, he or she will move their eyes to the right center, left center or lower left part of the eye.  § If someone thinks kinesthetic, he or she will look to the bottom right. Different Angles Here are a few different angles. These angles are for right-handed people. For the left-handed people it can be the other way around. A. Visually constructed images If someone looks to the right center, he tries to imagine something visually that hasnt actually occurred. He thinks from his imagination. According to the forecast, people could respond in this way to questions like: How do you spell your name backwards? (People can only do this if they are trying to see their name) B. Visually remembered images If someone looks to the left center, while talking, this means that he is trying to remember it visually. In this case his memory is very important. People will respond to a question like: What do you see when you are walking to the station? C. Visualization When people are looking right through the middle, without focusing, they often try to illustrate something. This is often by asking for examples of abstract concepts: Give me an example of social inequality. D. Constructed noise Middle right means that someone is trying to make noises that he had not previously heard: How would Mozart on a synthesizer sound? E. Remembered sounds Eye movements to the left center indicate that someone is trying to remember a word or sound: Is the second note of that song lower or higher than the third? F. Internal dialogue Bottom left represents the internal dialogue: What do you say to yourself when you are trying to talk courage to yourself? G. Kinetic When people look to the bottom right, it refers to feelings and bodily sensations: How does it feel when you are feeling very hungry? Can you see when someone is lying? Some people are hard to catch on a lie, even if they lie. Facial expressions are not always a reliable source of information to identify the lie. Some people smile while they lie, while another just has a quiet expression. Some evidence that people lie:  § People who lie often take a closed attitude. People who lie, uses their language differently and they often leave holes in their conversation, presumably to prevent what they say might betray them.  § The voice of people who lie usually goes higher than when those same people tell the truth.  § Liars often though their face or playing with pencils or other objects. The FBI can look at peoples eye movements. People who describe a situation or condition that have occurred here are their eyes to move left (remember for pictures) or to left center (for recalled words). When people think of words as they contrast to the right center and made statues the right to be here. But if someone constantly fumble with items in his hands, after a question, it obviously cannot be concluded that he is lying because he is fumbling. And if somebody has suddenly a closed attitude, this does not mean that he is lying. It may be that he just tells the truth, but it is so painful that he signed an attitude. Body language In general, people pay more attention to someones body language than to their words. Words determine the topic, but the way those words are expressed, determines how the message is interpreted. One explanation for the credibility of non-verbal communication besides verbal communication is that words are much easier to control than our behavior. Many people who lie find it difficult to keep eye contact and start to blush. Sometimes nonverbal communication is not difficult to control. Someone who likes another person, often get ‘caught because of the fact that their pupils grow bigger when he or she looks at that person. Sender and receiver are both not aware of this pupil reaction, but the receiver picks up the information unconsciously. This person gets positive and warm feelings for the person with the enlarged pupils. 1 So it may be interesting to watch the body language of people around you. Did we learn nonverbal behavior? Most of our nonverbal behavior we have learned through the years. Some of the gestures may have completely different meanings in different countries.If someone in France points to his head he finds you pretty smart. But if the Frenchman points his hand to his sleep, he wants to say that you are crazy in a negative way. And if we are accepting something we make a circle with thumb and forefinger. ‘Ok. But in Brazil this gesture means a contempt notion. Some nonverbal behaviors are probably not learned but self thought. Facial expressions for interest, joy, surprise, fear, anger, pain, disgust, contempt and shame have the same meaning in all cultures of the world. This strongly suggests that at least some facial expressions are congenital standards. Another proof that some expressions of emotions are self thought, is that deaf and blind children have the same basic facial expressions for emotions as people who do not have disabilities (e.g. crying, smiling, fear and anger). These emotions cant be wrong interpreted by looking at their faces. Although certain facial expressions are innate, it does not mean that they are always shown by people. Our education can ensure that certain expressions are not appropriate for adults to be shown. By culture and growing up, the expression of an innate emotion itself is changing. Thus, the innate facial expression for anger is showing the teeth and frown the eyebrows, in order to protect the eyes. In many cultures it shows the innate expression of anger openly. Instead, those oppressed by the teeth and the lips to be pressed. This also prevents people verbalizing their anger to continue swearing. If people who are angry no longer protect their eyes by frowning, but just dilate their eyes and show their teeth, this is usually a sign that someone is no longer in control. He even not thinks anymore about protect himself. And if he gets a fair complexion which is transported through blood to the muscles, it is time for you to find a safe place to hide. Because these people are really dangerous. 1 Hess, 1975 2 Eibl-Eibesfledt, 1970 Also for other emotions, cultures can add to those feelings to show the other non-native form. Japanese and American students were shown pictures of very bloody operations. If the students thought they were no longer observed, the facial expressions of Japanese and Americans are identical: the horror on their faces was plain to see. However, if they knew they were observed, unlike the Japanese. Americans were to hide their horror by smiling. In Japan it is rude to show your emotions openly in presence of others.3There are also differences in culture is often seen between men and women. For example in western cultures it is much more common for women to openly demonstrate sorrow compared to men. Men are more expected that they control their emotions (Real men do not cry!). People seem to be quite aware of their facial expressions. As already shown by the example of Japanese and American students, facial expressions, like languages, can be controlled. This has not always the best facial expressions (nonverbal indicator of what people really feel). 3. Research of Paul Ekman Meaning of the arms and hands Hands are frequently used to support verbal communication. Gestures often have a logical and traceable meaning. Some gestures are very clear in meaning. So we all know the insulting gesture of the middle finger. Other gestures have a meaning that is rooted in history. In England, for example, there are two gestures that are very similar: Everyone knows the famous V-sign of victory, made famous by Winston Churchill: the index and middle fingers of the right hand raised with the palm, but with the palm facing inwards. The main difference is the direction of the palm. With the palm directed toward the other has a positive meaning. With the outside of the hand addresses to the other is an offensive gesture. It is impossible to map all signs in the world. Here are some examples:  § Making a fist usually has an aggressive or offensive meaning.  § Showing the back of the hand is often referred to as being offensive. It usually has a negative signal value for the other.  § Showing open hands, palms up often has a submissive pleading or meaning. It generally has a non-aggressive signal value for the other.  § Showing open hands, palms towards the other, often has a bowing, submissive or defensive meaning. It usually has a non-aggressive signal value for the other.  § The downward keeping the palms often has a calming, enchanting sense.  § The further the hands held together, the less vulnerable a person feels himself generally speaking. The hands The hands are sometimes busy moving body parts or hidden in a trouser pocket. Hands tells people always something. It can show feelings and moods. They tell their own interpretation of events. But how to recognize certain feelings and attitudes? Here are some examples, feelings of the hands:  § Uncertainty: Someone has his hands all entangled. The palms are fully hedged. Soft fingertips rubbing against each other to indicate that a person has a conflict, challenge or prefer to avoid discussion going.  § Dominant: A person has his hands behind his back. The person is confident of himself and feels dominantly.  § Apparent dominant: An individual has his hands behind his back. The person wants the world to convince that he feels dominant.  § Hide: A person has his hands hidden in his pockets. He wants no positive nor a negative reaction, he takes the role of an observer. Examples, attitudes of hands:  § Open palms: This is a reliable measure of whether someone is honest.  § Questioning hand: The hand with the palm facing upward with your fingers is more or less a ‘bowl shape.  § Stop sign: During a conversation one person raises his hand, together with the palm facing out. The person indicates that it is ‘enough.  § The commanding hand: The hand points to the palm as if the hand down any rebellion from below suppressed. The arms †¦. How to improve your nonverbal communication skills? Some people dont believe that you can learn nonverbal skills, but you can. It will lead you to a few surprises. When you pay attention to nonverbal aspects of communication it will improve your communication skills. It can help you in both your personal and professional life. It can also enhance your own ability to communicate effectively because people are not always aware of the signals of nonverbal communication. It is very important to pay attention to nonverbal signals, like eye contact, gestures, postures, and body movements. It can help you to understand some difficult words or meanings. In some cases words do not match nonverbal behavior. The other person can say that he or she is happy but the look on their face will show you that he or she is unhappy. Also the tone of the voice can give you information of that person. People can say some words in an enthusiastic, disinteresting or even angry manner. So if you want to show interest in something or someone, express your enthusiasm by using your enthusiasm in the tone of voice. When people are evading or trying to hide something or someone, you can see it in their eyes. Eye contact is an important part of communication, its important to remember that good eye contact does not mean staring constantly into someones eyes. Your eye-contact may last up to four or five seconds. Different interpretation Behavior in other cultures can be interpreted very differently. For example, in Arabic countries men greet another with a handshake. Men, however, may not handshake with women. In many Asian countries the handshake is not so common. They use an alternative way of greeting such as nodding one hand on their chest or bend in different degrees of depth. Habits and conducts, for example from different religions can have a big influence on the physical presentation of people from other cultures. Another difference between Arabic and European people is that the left hand in Arab cultures is unclean. Also crossing your legs is an insult for Arabic people because if you show your foot sole, you are disrespectful. Cross-cultural misunderstanding of nonverbal communication The three-step method of Intercultural communication (dr. pinto). Culture and culture models People do not exactly know what the meaning of culture is. But it has something to do with values, habits, history, knowledge, experience, beliefs, attitudes, meanings, hierarchies, religion, roles, relations and manners of people behaving, that are different from other cultures. It is very difficult to find the definition for culture. Therefore it is probably easier to explain culture by discussing a number of theories. Theory 1. The fishbowl Model The Fishbowl Model describes the natural instinct humans have to act upon our own perceived short-term individual benefit, rather than long-term benefit or the benefit of others. The Fishbowl offers the class an opportunity to closely observe and learn about social interactions. You can use it in almost every area. Theory 2. The Iceberg Model This model is about the visible and invisible cultural aspects; The practices described above are the tip of the iceberg, the things we can see, hear, observe. The small part above the water level is visible. In it, we can include manners, customs, and languages: all things we can observe and learn. We also talk about the explicit aspects of culture, those aspects that we can easily describe. However, the larger chunk, is hidden under water, and we cannot see it. This is where we find the values and the vision of the world, the way of thinking and the assumptions we have. All these aspects are hidden; we cannot easily express our values. Theory 3. Union Model of Culture The Onion Model of Culture shows how culture has a number of layers. There are a number of interpretations of this model out the most easy one consists of four key layers. ‘Culture is a system that can be peeled, layer by layer, in order to reveal the content. Imagine the whole onion as ‘culture and as you peel on, you see different levels which work on and influence culture, in any particular society.4 Significant conversations are those that move beyond the material and behavioral levels (first two rings) to consider values, beliefs and worldview. This means that the goal is to move beyond comments about our environment (for example weather, sports) and behavior (our preferences for schools, holidays, church) to consider values (appropriate behavior, sexual morality), beliefs (value of human life) and worldview. 4. Geert Hofstede Conclusion Answer to the main question What does nonverbal communication exactly means and what kind of effect has nonverbal communication on people from different cultures. Literature Internet  § http://iwp.cs.utwente.nl/Vaardigheden/G-Nonverbaal/Koefening/koefening.html  § http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonverbal_communication  § http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_language  § http://www.spring.org.uk/2007/05/nonverbal-behaviour.php  § http://www.spring.org.uk/2007/05/busting-myth-93-of-communication-is.php  § http://psychology.about.com/od/nonverbalcommunication/a/nonverbaltypes.htm  § http://psychology.about.com/od/nonverbalcommunication/tp/nonverbaltips.htm  § http://www.innerned.org/nvc2.html  § http://www.psychowerk.com/Woordenboek/N/nonverbaal%20gedrag,%20de%20gebaren%20en%20hun%20betekenis.htm  § http://humanresources.about.com/od/interpersonalcommunicatio1/a/nonverbal_com  § htm http://www.spring.org.uk/2007/05/education-reduces-cross-cultural.php  § http://womeninbusiness.about.com/od/businessetiquette/a/making-eye-contact.htm  § http://www.lichaamstaal.com/cultuur.html  § http://www.gilde-samenspraak.nl/sitebuilder/index.asp?nodeid=235  § http://library.thinkquest.org/04oct/00451/nonverbalcom.htm  § http://helpguide.org/mental/eq6_nonverbal_communication.htm  § http://www.lichaamstaal.com/cultuur.html Books  § Basisprincipes van communicatie, Klaas Wiertzema Patricia Jansen  § Communicatie handboek, Drs. W.J. Michels Planning and logbook Not ready yet, (plan of action) Number Activity Starting date Deadline Estimated Workload (hours) Actual Workload (hours) 1 . Making Project Plan 12/03/10 17/03/10 4 1.1 First draft 12/03/10 17/03/10 3 1.2 Revision 18/03/10 18/03/10 1 2 . Pre-research 23/03/10 02/04/10 68 2.1 Orientation 23/03/10 26/03/10 5 2.2 Internet search 24/03/10 02/04/10 28 2.3 Literature search 24/03 31/03/10 28 2.4 Television series 23/03/10 01/04/10 5 2.5 Search for visual aids 26/03/10 31/03/10 2 3. Definition of research question 05/04/10 25/05/10 55 3.1 Select subjects 06/04/10 09/04/10 4 3.2 Select information for each subject and create structure 07/04/10 19/04/10 3 3.3 Write information about every subject 19/04/10 25/05/10 43 3.4 Add visualization with captions 15/05/10 20/05/10 5 4. Final things to do 28/06/10 16/06/10 17 4.1 Rewrite after first check 28/05/2010 11/06/10 16/06/10 12 4.2 Final touch of the script 11/06/10 16/06/10 5 Total hours 144