Effect of Eating Fast Food Essay Example for Free

Effect of Eating Fast Food EssayIn the past, people in the capital of Indonesia city always ate wellnessy and fresh food. But today, many people like to eat fast food such as pizza, hamburgers, and fry chicken. Many reasons why people prefer to realise fast food. This essay will explain some negative effects of fast food.There atomic number 18 several reasons why fast food grows quickly in capital of Indonesia. The first reason is changing lifestyles in society. In Jakarta, many people are operative in offices or companies. The workers do not have much time to search for food because the working hours are very solid. Advertising is another reason. Jakarta is a big city that through advertising always informs new products to society. For example, internet and television report every day about development of dissimilar types of fast food. All of these ads influence people to vitiate fast food. Moreover, price of fast food is very cheap. Therefore, every day many people buy Ha mburger, Pizza and other fast foods.However, fast food has negative effects on the people of Jakarta. The greatest influence is the effect on health. It can be seen from many people in Jakarta became fat because of these foods. As a result, these people will become less productive and have a author such as heart disease and diabetes. Another consequence of the fast food is losing tradition of eating in concert with family at home. Now, children and adults rarely eat together at home.As a result, parents and children seldom communicate each other. The next effect is on the economy. Fast food is not too expensive, more expensive when cooking at home however, all fast food comes from foreign-owned franchise company, so the benefits of these foods for foreigners.In generally, I think that a lot of people consume fast food in Jakarta because of the lifestyle, the influence of advertising, and low prices. However, I believe that these foods have serious consequences in the community such as health problems, loss of traditional family meals, and economic problems. Therefore, people in Jakarta should leave fast food for a better life.

Process Centered Organizations Essay Example for Free

Process kerneled Organizations EssayProcess Centered Organizations are planned to create utmost value, innovation and development. A Process Centered Organization can sustain its processes at a high level. A process centered organizational envision sorts out the better blend of structure and process. By carrying out a process-centered cycle, health distribute organizations can achieve their goals by changing the way workflow is specify and the way the people working in these organizations perceive their roles. In all health care organizations, the focal point is the patient.From a patients perspective, how much he or she is valued is important. Healthcare organizations around the globe are making efforts to satisfy their customers in the best possible ways. But modern times petition these organizations to engage in the use of knowledge, skills, tools, techniques and systems to improve and direct processes towards creating value for the patient. One such example of a healt hcare organization is Eastern Maine Medical Center (EMMC), Bangor, Maine.The organization in fact received the 2008 HIMSS Davies Award. This prestigious award is given to selected hospitals in the United States for effectively using information technology to improve the condom and quality of patient care. EMMC represents an immaculate example of how to apply and make use of electronic health records (EHR) along with other technologies in order to ensure address of quality and evidence based healthcare. The EHR system was installed as part of EMMCs Patient First Initiatives Program.This was an effort to provide high quality patient care by changing care delivery, adopting a patient-focused culture and implementing a technology plan to support the care delivery process. EMMCs use of data derived from its healthcare IT systems is a shining example of how to drive performance improvement, quality and improve care in response to state and national reporting requirements. (HIMMS news, 2 008) Eric Hartz, MD, EMMC chief health check information officer, says this award is a crowning achievement for EMMCs employees.He emphasized that in the end, it is the patients of the region who will benefit from EMMC. The organizations staff worked hard for virtually a decade to implement the most advanced computer systems on the market to allow instantaneous sharing of health information among all healthcare providers involved in a patients care. When the software that was currently available wasnt doing the job we wanted, we challenged our vendors to work with us to build something better. It has been a fearsome collaboration, said MR. Hartz.The services offered by these new systems are incredible. For example they improved ratio from electronic to hand written orders from 51 to 141. It eliminated clx minutes from order writing to pharmacy receipt of orders, plus the average time for pharmacist review decreased 52 percent, from 50. 8 minutes to 24. 3 minutes. It also decrease d overall medication incidents by 27 percent etc. (Cerner, 2008) The new systems in EMMC offer decision-support to help guarantee that patients receive the safest and best care achievable.EMMCs providers and staff spent numerous hours working on the clinical systems to continuously make them better. They involved themselves and participated with the organizations experts in the information systems department and this allowed them to streamline all their processes and improve employee productivity. After several years of preparation, improvement, and execution, the nurses, physicians, and other healthcare professionals adopted advancements in information technology.They are now helping to bring the a la mode(p) advancements and technology in patient care to the people who arrive at the doorstep of their hospital from any side of Maine. In process centering, processes are not newly created by organizations in fact existing processes are modernized to meet the organizations goals. What process centering does is to modify the perception and bring the process into focus. And this is merely what EMMC did in order to provide higher levels of satisfactions to their patients and customers.

Critical Social Work And Its Values Analysis Social Work Essay

Critical Social Work And Its Values Analysis Social Work testThe es register analyses theories underpinning and key elements of over diminutive affectionate effect and its values. An exploration of counselling as a form of genial land confide and how it is influenced by the deprecative accessible pop off approach volition be included. Examples from employment experience/ lit and the influence of inequalities, power and social divisions will be discussed. The views of service users and their office towards the practice will alike be take into account in the essay.Payne (2005) traces social range in the UK back to the 19th century as a community and charitable activity to support the disadvantaged and poor. From the charitable and community origins it developed into a full(a)er field. Jordan (2004) cited in Collins (2009) believes social work at owes its origins to Christian godliness than a commitment to social problems affecting individuals. Following the economic c risis in the UK in the 1970s due to escalating oil prices social issues like poor ho development, unemployment, and need and homelessness social work shifted and broadened its focus and tried to predict social issues and problems. Adams et al (2005).Adams et al (2009) mentions that in attempting to address social problems, disadvantage and inequalities social work practiti unityrs nominate drawn experience and ideas from various disciplines such as sociology, psychology, philosophy and politics. From this multi-disciplinary knowledge base the underpinning ideology was anti oppressive principle which provides supposititious tools to understand deputise and respond to the complex experience of oppression. This means social work practiti matchlessrs have a moral, ethical and legal responsibility to challenge inequalities and disadvantage (Payne 2005).Fook (2002) claims that life-sustaining practice washbasin be traced and associated with radical social work in the 1960s-70s der iving ideas from Marxist theory. Marx analysed the capital society he lived in Germany and argued that the structures within society derived from the preservation and the changes in the industrial revolution influenced some people to be more powerful and others not. Individuals were restrained by the demands of capitalism. Marx highlighted issues of class and class struggle where there is a struggle between powerful and helpless resulting in opposite societal classes. Those in power will judge to retain it mostly by evolution of the powerless.Thompson (2006) affirms that society comprises of a diverse range of people in which social divisions emerge which in turn forms the societal structures which networks relationships, institutions and groupings. These groupings determine, control and regu new-fashioned the distribution of power, privilege, placement and opportunities resulting in social stratification and dimensions. From these groupings however it is important to mention that unfairness, inequality and oppression is witnessed in the group of people who be under fire(predicate) and marginalised.Radical social work upheld the following themes structural analysis of personal problems, ongoing social critique mainly focalization on oppressive ideas/practice and goals of self freedom and social change. Parallel to these traditions empowering and anti-oppressive practice to participation in research and community work Adams et al (2005). Several key principles were sh atomic number 18d from radical critiques to bear witness vituperative social work which are challenging superior forces and oppression in all forms, a critique of positivist ideas and the need to challenge dominant constructed ship slewal of knowing by developing other agencys of knowing. This would be getd through recognising that knowledge may reflect reality but may also be socially constructed through language and ideology. In order to create more/new knowledge self reflection and interaction are essential tools using communication processes Allan et al (2009).Moya et al (2009) believes that critical mentation was move on upgraded by Marxism through academics from the Frankfurt School of Sociologists (Horkeimer (1979), Adorno and Horkeimer, (1979) and Marcuse (1964) from the 1920s/30s and Habermas (1984, 1987)s writing in the late twentieth century. The sociologists held that social interpretation was based on assumptions of a fixed social order mainly derived from religion, politics and social beliefs. When this order is rejected and challenged, sociologists believed that this would enhance knowledge of the environment which makes individuals more effective.Gerth and Mills (1948) and Durkeim (1972) cited in Harrington (2005) established that if we understand how social relationships work we would be able to achieve our objectives in society. This is how critical thinking in modernist management is about and it was termed modernism but has expanded an d embraced other theories concerned with transformation and social change. Gray and Webb (2008) argue that critical theory is fault from the Frankfurt school but at the same time it has not defined its critical base. Allan et al (2003) Fook (2002) Healey (2000) acknowledge that there is tension in delineate critical theory as it comprises different theories, some argue that it is an umbrella term that encompasses a range of theories and approaches including Marxist, radical, feminist, anti-racist, anti-oppressive, anti-discriminatory, jeopardize colonial, critical constructivist and structural perspectives. This suggests that there are many theories although different they all try to understand the relationship between an individual and society. Thus critical practice involves ones judgement in a meditative and diverse manner Adams et al (2009).Critical practice involves exploring different options in a situation or actions in judging the best way to address issues. The practiti oner would review their ideas, perspectives and options of others before deciding a best way forward. This is underpinned by the fact of accepting change and continuity as practitioners encounter different situations and ideas. Payne et al (2005) further mentions that in order to fulfil the requirements of critical practice which include liberation and empowerment social workers need an open mind, reflective office that encompasses diverse perspectives, experience and assumptions. This would result in acknowledging individual differences, equal opportunity and respect. Fook and Garner (2007) further identify three aspects of critical practice which are critical thinking, critical action and reflexivity as essential tools to apply when seeking social justice and change.From these theories we can trace the ideas of critical perspective and acknowledge that the powerless can influence policy, societal views and self emancipation from the oppressors. An example of theoretical developme nt implemented by service users was the theorising of disability from the medicalised interpretation to social position of disability. This shift was championed by disabled peoples movements to express how they felt and were treated for more than a century. This shift and theory influenced societal attitudes, influenced policies and to some extent changed societal attitudes in UK and abroad. Abberley (1998) Barnes, (1998). Morris, (1993) supports this by mentioning that the disability movement has overhauled societal perceptions and upheld disabled peoples rights to live independently, promote anti discriminatory practice, fairness and equal opportunities.Systems theory is another major theoretical source underpinning social work. The theory emphasised that peoples existence is determined by the environment they live or grow in. It highlighted that peoples problems are a result of how they interact with their resource systems which are either formal or informal. The informal includ e friends, neighbours and colleagues. The formal include support groups/ social clubs and associations. The public/ societal include housing, hospitals, work and school which provide certain structure or particular function in society. The system theory encourages growth and provides a wider range of solutions to problems by identifying areas of rise or needing improvement. However it is said not to be acknowledging power differences within society and with different roles Adams et al (2009). Coulshed and Orme, (1998) clarifies that the nature of diversity in society makes it touchy to be entirely dependent on one theory or approach. Different situations and different circumstances entail different approaches through reflective practices and perspectives.Harris and uncontaminating (2009) further explored events and changes within the welfare state from administering to managing the welfare state. They discover that the Conservative 1979 -1997 and Labour 1997-2010 were influenced by neo-liberalist ideas. This idea upheld the belief that market was superior to the state and as such professionals including social workers were meant to implement competitive government policy and approaches to meet global standards. These changes affected the vulnerable people in society as wellhead because managers had been given the powers to speak on their behalf. These changes, debates and contradictions have put social work practice into a contested dilemma profession although this definition states that Social work is a profession that promotes social change, problem solving in human relationships and the empowerment and liberation of people to enhance well-being. (International Federation of Social Workers, 2000 p1).Parton (1998) points out that the present political environment is dominantly global, modernized and authoritarian. As such policies are informed and regulated by market principles which prescribes and narrows professional boundaries which affects the rights of service users. In order to achieve their objectives social workers need to challenge and resist the authoritarian elements by employing critical practice. Fook (2002) articulate that critical social work practice should be concerned with promoting a society without domination, exploitation and oppression. In order to achieve these practitioners need to reflect, reconstruct, deconstruct and unpack more processes for change through careful negotiation within the dominant framework.Many critical social theorists have challenged the existence of a social order and have questioned social order as evidenced in the work of Habermas (1984, 1987) who distinguishes between the system and the life innovation which interact and sometimes conflict with each other. The system represents the structures like the government departments, transnational companies emerging from globalisation, ideas promoted by communicatory reasoning, education and media. All these structures are relaying a foundi ng view through different reasoning. As such social work is not excluded as an actor of systematic managerialism in agencies Pease (2005).Fook (2002) and Gardner (2007) proposed alternative forms of critical theory which are feminism and post modernism. They focus on the understanding that the world reflects personal experience and social historical context. They argue that personal experience constructs and is constructed by the world we live in. They advocate to get a lineing to peoples experiences (narratives) seriously and from these we can hear how they view and experience the world in different ways.Powell (2001) suggests that feminists maintain that the narration of experiences by individuals gives us a clue on how they construct the world and how they want to engage with their problems and situations. Thus postmodernists say there is an alternative way of viewing the world than what it seems to be. Post-modernity argue there is a different way of viewing the world and diff erent ways to plentifulness with societal problems hence critical social work seeks for different options and take the best way forward.Adams et al (2009) suggests that in order to seek the best way forward social workers are encouraged to adopt the eclectic approach which entails selecting crucial aspects from different theories and blend them together as one approach. Alternatively they can use different theories for different cases. This has an advantage of addressing inadequacies in particular theories as they compensate one another. However there are also limitations as to cut across different theories and selecting crucial aspects may be difficult. It might as well be difficult to select the appropriate theory to use in the offshoot place. To overcome these limitations Epstein (1992) suggested that continuous reflection, agreement, debate and teamwork would encourage flexibility in complex issues.Milner and Obyrne (1998) propose that in trying to address social injustices a nd inequality social work uses a variety of skills and knowledge based on theory perspective and methodology. This empowers social workers to put in place hitch which is appropriate to individual circumstances. This intervention empowers social workers with skills to engage service users to bring positive outcomes.Banks (2001) holds that values are diverse, may overlap, can conflict and socially constructed. Traditional social work and critical social work values overlap and are based on Biestek 1961 and consist of the following Individualism, non judgemental, self determination, purposeful expression and controlled emotional development. In post modernity terms these can be interpreted to promotion of social justice, emancipation, anti-oppressive, anti-discriminatory, empowerment, non judgemental and respect and dignity. Above all the language used may affect the way we interpret the world resulting in assumptions, overrepresentation or misrepresentation of issues and ideas, Adam et al (2009).Critical social work as discussed explores the best way forward to individuals problems and seeks to listen and engage with the individual to tell their story and work in partnership to find the best way forward. The limitation is critical social work is skirt by external forces which are beyond it control, for example resources in the current economic climate globally and at home. It is also criticised as its values and origins are Eurocentric and do not represent universal circumstances as what seems to work in UK might not necessarily work in Afro/ Asiatic communities. For example the issue of confidentiality is valued and essential in UK and Europe whereas in Afro Asian cultures they value kinship support in times of distress. However they would not want anyone else outside the kinship clique to know about their situation. This brings interpretation problems to confidentiality Morley (2003).In order for all these theories to be implemented there should be tie-in with individuals in society who experience inequality and disadvantage. Furthermore it is also important to mention at this point that social work intervention and practice is broad and spreads into other disciplines. Group work, Counselling, Advocacy and Assessment are examples of different forms of practising social work. I will not focus on the broadness of disciplines but will focus on the aims of the essay which are to explore how the critical social work approach influences counselling. Counselling requires a lot of skills and approaches as it seeks to address and closure individual dilemmas, decision making and resolving issues.According to Dryden (200440) cited in Adams et al (2009) counselling is described as principled relationship characteristics by the application of one or more psychological theories and a recognised set of communication skills, modified by experience, intuition and other interpersonal factors, to thickenings intimate concerns, problems or aspirations . Its paramount ethos is one of facilitation rather than of advice-giving or coercion. It may be of very brief or long duration, take place in an organisational or private practice setting and may or may not overlap with practical, medical and other matters of personal welfare.The Barclay report in the early 1980s mentioned that it was essential for social workers to engage in counselling as it helped to engage with individuals to help them manage their problems, worries and anxieties, Barclay Committee,(1982). This is no longer the situation today as noted by Brearley (1995) when he states that political, administrative, legislative changes and ideologies have affected the relationship between counselling and social work. Some social work practitioners are in dilemma as to whether they can do counselling or not and where to start with counselling and when to stop. Because social workers operate in a legislative, organisational, ideological, value and ethical context it is becoming increasingly difficult to engage in counselling without pushing boundaries, Furthermore the economic environment, budget cuts and lack of resources makes it difficult to manoeuvre and employ uncontested interventions McLeod (2009).However patronage the above constraints social workers at some point carry out counselling as not carrying it out would render their job inadequate and inefficient. McLeod (1998) identify a number of counselling theories which are Person centred, Existential, Cognitive Behavioural (CBT), Motivational, Humanistic, Psychodynamic, Karpmans (1969) Drama triangle and Eclectic or Integrative approaches. Some of the theories have been criticised as inadequate and resource straining. One approach that is complimentary to social work is the eclectic/ collective approach.Integrative theory is adaptable to the needs presented by the client or specific circumstances which is flexible and adoptable to client needs. McLeod (2003) supports this statement when he mainta ins that eclectic approach enables the counsellor to choose the best option and techniques from a range of theories to meet the client needs. It can mean employing different elements from different theories to blend them into a new suitable model or theory. These compliments with one of the social work theory of eclecticism which seeks to integrate different theories to intervene (Adams, 2009).It can be argued that the aims of social work and the aims of counselling are both focusing on individuals and their interaction with the society, problems they face and how they solve them. As Egan (2006) puts it and complimented by Coulshed and Orme (2006) social workers adopt skills that compliment counselling skills such as empathy or understanding, respect, self knowledge and acceptance and honest. Although there are criticisms on Egans work as being ignorant of psychodynamic ideas meaning it has limited application and effectiveness. A reflective practitioner would seek to promote social justice, anti -oppressive and anti-discriminatory practice based on knowledge to promote inclusive practice. Both professions are being challenged by increasing literature developing and need to engage in best, critical and anti discriminatory practice to reach all individuals and communities Morley (2003).My privilege in practice working with clients is that I have acquired knowledge and on values of social work issues and intervention. I also have a black African background which has some distant values to social work. I will focus on the social work values to overcome any prejudices and biases which may jeopardise my work. I also have the law on my side which would give me power to intervene and practice. In my experience as a caseworker at Refugee Action (RA) I used counselling as a technique to working with clients. Clients from different background accessed the service to resolve their immigration matters. Mostly the approach we used was the integrative approach which meant that the outcomes met the needs of individual circumstances. I did not allow my own values and prejudices to influence my practice.The advantage of having my own values and knowledge made it diffuse for me to overcome any prejudices and stereotypes towards my clients. As a person from an African background with different values from those of the British society, it was easy for me to understand how it is to be in the clients shoes. I also observed that Muslim women preferred to work with female caseworkers and male Muslims preferred male caseworkers. They appeared not comfortable working with people from the opposite turn on and tended to withhold information if that was the case. I therefore ensured Muslim clients were assisted by a person of preferred gender. Above all I applied the write up approach which solicits encouragement to clients to tell their stories. This enabled me to explore clients situation at their own pace and actively listened to assess and establish the real problem in the situation.Carniola (2005) observed that social workers are in the right direction of developing critical consciousness about the psychological impact of oppression on individuals. He further expressed that there is concern on the degree of awareness among social workers on the impact of privilege or dominant status on individuals subjectivities and world views. Rossitter (2000) concurs that the position/ impact and ways in which professionals engage with clients is overlooked and underestimated as they possess a certain class in the form of gender, race, and sexual privilege.Having explored critical social work practice and theories underpinning it, it is important to acknowledge that there is continuous transformation and contest within the academic field and socio-political arena. This is greatly impacting on vulnerable people and how they are treated and marginalised in issues affecting their lives. If the values of critical social work could be fulfilled and the theories underpinning it are integrated social work and counselling would be forces for change to promote social justice.

Concept Analysis Pain In The Oncology Patient Nursing Essay

Concept Analysis Pain In The Oncology Patient Nursing EssayAre you having any infliction. These atomic number 18 most likely the premiere words from a registered nurse to an oncology longanimous. Pain is a concept that creates many ch whollyenges for medical professionals. In a review of unhurrieds with grasscer, hassle was reported in 33% of patient roles after treatment to cure lowlifecer, 59% of patients given anti- dropcer treatment with the aim of either curative or palliative treatment, 64% of patients having advanced, metastatic or terminal figure cancer and 53% of patients with all stages of the disease (Chapman, 2012a). Pain management is a common reason an oncology patient is admitted as an inpatient to a hospital. Nurses are at the forefront of taxing and managing disorder to achieve adequate therapy. However, in order to reach this outcome, nurses direct to understand the types and causes of fuss, sagacity tools, non-pharmacological treatment and action of incommode medications (Casey, 2011). Nursing provide and other medical professionals inquire to act as patient advocates when dealing with chafe in the neckful sensation so that notes can be managed. Nevertheless, within the healthcare system, the prevalence of pain is increasing and pain is a complex issue that is non always tumesce understood or managed by healthcare professionals and patients (Shaw, 2006).Issues with PainNurses are eternally faced with managing pain and need to develop skills to identify when pain is not adequately controlled in order to make recommendations to alleviate a patients pain. Unfortunately, there are many times when both nurses and physicians are not well educated in pain management and are not successful in lessen an angiotensin converting enzyme-on-ones pain level. Regardless of the variety of treatment options, cancer pain is not always effectively managed due to several barriers that include poor assessment, insufficient knowledge ab out pain and treatment and unique(predicate) concerns about dependence, tolerance, addiction and drug-related side effects (Chapman, 2012b). In addition, many medical professionals hold inappropriate beliefs and attitudes toward pain management, which can affect providing pain relief for patients (Naylor, 2003). Some practitioners are fearful of prescribing or administering pain medications at a high level that might be necessitate due to a patients tolerance. This creates many challenges in providing adequate pain control for patients that are able to verbalize their pain, as well as those patients who are not able to verbally bear their pain levels.Significance in NursingPain is a significant concept in oncology nursing. Physicians and nurses working with this population need to be experts in pain management. It is critical for medical professionals to understand the antithetic types of pain that oncology patients can experience. There are several pain management treatments f orthcoming and not every medication will work effectively for a patient. It is important for nurses to recognize differences so that patients can be effectively managed. When pain is not adequately controlled, patients can become withdrawn and unable to focus on important aspects of their quality of life including activities of daily living and sexual and social relationships (Chapman, 2012a). In addition, mood, sleep patterns, cognition and existential beliefs can be affected (Chapman, 2012a).There are several types of pain that an oncology patient can experience. The most common types of pain are chronic pain, acute pain and breakthrough pain. Chronic pain is a constant pain. Acute pain can last anywhere from a few days to a few months and typically resolves when the underlying condition is treated (Chapman, 2012). Breakthrough pain happens briefly with moderate-to-severe flare-ups that occur even when a patient is pickings long acting pain medication to address their chronic pain (Kedziera, 1998). Understanding these types of pain is opposite to determine medications to be prescribed and work through non-pharmacological therapies. When medical staff understands the causes and types of cancer pain, they can individualize pain management strategies in order to improve the quality of patient care as well as provide sufficient pain relief (Chapman, 2012a).Oncology patients pain can be caused by several factors. Pain can be caused by tumors, surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy which can affect different parts of the human beings body (Chapman, 2012a). When staff is knowledgeable about disease processes and treatments, medical professionals can prescribe medications to address specific pain. Nurses must assess an individuals pain management regimen at home so that dosing can be adjusted when admitted to the hospital. Nurses must be diligent in comparing prescribed medications to home medications. There have been instances when physicians will fail to order a long acting pain medication that a patient might take at home that can result in inadequate relief.Pain AssessmentAssessing an individuals pain is a key component in achieving pain management. Nurses need to evaluate a patents pain when considering pain therapy and the nurse needs to focus on the following factors (1) consistency in pain control, (2) taking action in response to an individuals pain assessment, (3) maximize effectiveness of medications while reducing side effects and (4) avoid gaps in pain control (Casey, 2011). Physicians do not spend as much face-time with patients as nurses, therefore, nurses have the responsibility to understand a patients pain and verbalize to the physician to achieve adequate pain control. An accurate and detailed assessment can provide guidance in creating an individualized treatment plan (Naylor, 2003). Each persons pain is going to be different and it is important to utilize assessment tools to implement the most effective pain management plan. When determining ways to manage pain based on the assessment, nurses need to not only focus on the physical aspects but too include pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments to reach optimal comfort (Naylor, 2003). Education and training on different types of pain assessment tools and scales that are utilized in practice is essential to effectively manage pain levels of each patient. Without the ability to adequately assess a patients pain, there will be profound negative effects on comfort levels and the ability to meet health goals.Nurses have a pivotal role in addressing pain in oncology patients. It is essential for nurses to realize that managing pain goes beyond administering medication and that utilizing a holistic nursing care approach can allow a nurse to better understand a patients individual pain. Pain responses can be affected by psychological, social and cultural influences, much(prenominal) as anxiety, anger and fear that may enhance an individuals p erception of pain (Naylor, 2003). In addition, cultural beliefs, upbringing and social situations may be the reason for current expressions of pain (Naylor, 2003). Nurses need to be vigilant in recognizing factors that affect a patients pain and the meaning that an individual attaches to pain (Chapman, 2012a). A nurses role goes beyond end tasks on a checklist but having the ability to connect with their patients to identify root causes of pain. It has been found that in order to reach a goal of effective symptom management, the multidisciplinary team must create a positive therapeutic relationship with the patient (Chapman, 2012a). Many times a patient is looking for the opportunity to express themselves and nurses have the ability to provide an environment that allows patients to open-up and verbalize their feelings.Changes to Nursing PracticeThe concept analysis has brought heightened sensory faculty to the idea of pain. When assessing pain, there are many factors to be consid ered as addressed in the concept analysis. The analysis opened a door to look beyond what medical practitioners physically assess but also the importance of listening and understand the patient. The nurse must reflect on experiences he/she has with patients to improve their ability to effectively manage pain. Nurses need to realize that in order to implement appropriate nursing activities to meet a patients pain needs requires an ongoing learning process to truly understand the concept of pain (Cheng, 2003). Nurses have the ability to manage pain by getting to know their patients to be able to implement swop. Nurses need to work on their listening skills so that patients feel that they can openly express their feeling and concerns. This allows the nurse to help guide the patient to becoming involved in his/her care. It is clear that when pain is not adequately controlled it can have negative consequences on not only the patient but the entire family unit.Anticipated OutcomesThrough the use of reflecting, provides the opportunity to tarry outcomes and create successes in managing pain. One tool to achieve effective pain management and evaluate strategies is by conducting pain assessments (Naylor, 2003). Through these assessments, a nurse can identify physical effects of pain and understand both location and intensity. To know if a nurse is successful, the nurse will see a change in level of reported pain or physical attributes that a patient might exhibit. By changing current practice methods, nurses will be able to create an environment where patients will verbally express feelings which will be a sign of progress in better meeting patient needs. In addition, through these encounters nurses will be able to identify their patients use of coping mechanisms to address pain. Nurses can also see success when utilizing a holistic nursing approach by looking beyond everyday tasks and viewing the patient as a human being. As nurses identify factors that affect pain management, they will be able to better meet patient needs. Nurses will have the education and skills to recognize and alleviate pain before it occurs by utilizing pain management interventions, methods and medications.Concept AnalysisThe analysis has relevance to understanding the concept of pain, while also isolating it from other concepts. The concept analysis regarding pain was think to increase awareness and understanding pain by clarifying the defining attributes of pain, identifying antecedents that affect the perception of pain and the possible consequences of pain (Cheng, 2003). It is clear that pain is a concept that is not always well understood and requires analysis that others can become more conscious and responsive to addressing patients pain needs.The model subject discussed pain using a scenario regarding an oncology patient. The model crusade included all the defining attributes(a) unpleasant and distressful experiences originating from physical sensation and ha ving both positive and negative meanings for an individual (b) an individual human experience (c) a state of feeling in both sensation and emotion (verbal), and behavioral components (d) physical and psychological responses to the stimulus (e) break of pain, including protective and warning signs (f) pain responses and learned and influenced by personality, environment, emotions, social and cultural (Cheng, 2003).This example supported the concept of pain and clearly stated the characteristics of the case to addressing all the points regarding the concept of pain. Due to each patients individuality, personal experiences and views, there are several types of scenarios that could have been utilized as a model case.The model case creates awareness for nurses of all the factors to consider when understanding a patients pain. Nurses have to be able to use the skills to visually assess and listen to patients while understanding a patients annals and the events that have taken place to b ring the patient to the point of the pain that they are reporting. Understanding a patients culture and individual beliefs can provide brain wave regarding a patients response and expression of pain. Nurses need to be aware of potential patterns in certain cultural groups, however, nurses should not over generalize or sort out that everyone within a culture will behave in the same manner (Davidhizar, 1997). This emphasizes the complexities when assessing and understanding a patients pain, and nurses need to go beyond the basic assessment tools and understand the individual to achieve effective pain control.The use of a borderline case and contrary case were used to distinguish the concept of pain from the model case (Cheng, 2003). The cases are important in differentiating the concept of pain from other closely related concepts, as seen in the additional cases. The borderline case did not meet all the elements of the model case and the contrary case addressed the concept of fear r elated to pain (Cheng, 2003). These cases enhance the model case and allow the reader to see alternate examples of situations that may arise in a clinical setting.ConclusionPain is a universal part of the human experience and will continue to be an integral part of providing nursing care (Shaw, 2006). Pain is a complex concept that does not have one specific answer to meet all patient needs. Pain management requires assessment skills, knowledge and a holistic approach to nursing care to be successful at eliminating or effectively controlling pain in oncology patients. Nurses have both technical and moral tasks in the management of pain because they are the ones conducting assessments, administering pain medications and evaluating effectiveness, as well as, determining which pain relief measures and interventions are provided to patients (Shaw, 2006). Nurses need to continue to expand their knowledge base and be aware of their throw values and beliefs in order to be successful in ma naging the dynamics and complexities of pain.

Causal Information as Reward for Children

Causal Information as Reward for ChildrenLoredana LenghelLife-span Developmental Psychology1. Details of the appli notifyt Loredana Lenghel2. Title of the project Keeping Children Eng epochd Causal Information as Reward3. Summary of the proposed researchThis story proposes research on the effects of causal discipline as punish on the internal penury of children. Causal culture has been shown to keep an eye on task engagement in children better than tangible rewards because it touches childrens innate absorb in the world. A repeated measures experimental design with children aged 8 to 10 will be used to establish if indeed the inbred penury of children is non undermined by causal randomness as reward. The results have implications in aras such as education and learning.4. Keywords subjective demand, causal information, reward, education5a. Research resultMotivation to fulfill personal needs is what drives people to act. Being defined as the reasons underlying behavio r (Guay et al., 2010, p. 712), it is understandable why it is important to establish the construct blocks of penury and how these fuck be manipulated in order to preserve peoples sense of fulfillment. Motivation has been a topic widely investigated within the companionable sciences, there being several theories that attempt to explain this process. The most common distinction encountered in the literature is between intrinsic and outside motivation (Ryan Deci, 2000). constitutional motivation is seen as inherently volitional it is the force that drives actions and sustains activities repayable to personal desires as it is associated to personal enjoyment, interest, pleasure or high engagement. In contrast, extrinsic motivation is seen as governed by reinforcement factors this type of motivation implies doing activities due to reasons that are external to the task, such as receiving a reward (Lai, 2011).The differences between these types of motivations foot be associated wi th the quality of task outcomes. For instance, task outcomes such as spelling, writing or vocabulary development represent only a narrow range in which the relevance of these motivation forms jakes be observed. Thus, an important area where intrinsic versus extrinsic motivation needs to be taken into account is education and learning. The relevance and importance of this proposed study can be understood when looking at how childrens motivation develops. Research on childrens intrinsic motivation shows that it is not a stable construct. Intrinsic motivation tends to reduction with age, ninth graders exhibiting less motivation than third graders (Lepper, Sethi, Dialdin, Drake, 1997) (Lai, 2011). However, some evidence shows that after the age of 15, there is once more an increase in this type of motivation (Gillet, Vallerand, Lafreniere, 2012). One study argues that academic intrinsic motivation stabilizes as unrivaled advances in age. They found that between the ages of 9 and 1 7, motivation can be seen as having cumulative effects. Information about motivation at one age can be used to portend further motivation. Moreover, they argued that academic motivation is relevant for the school curriculum, showing a decline for sciences and reading. Another point touched upon was that children with low motivation at the lineage of schooling are at risk and lack future interest in learning (Gottfried, Fleming, Gottfried, 2001). What is more, studies suggest that out front starting school, children are generally per se motivated, eager and excited about learning. This effect then diminishes and some children show reluctance towards studying. This is why having an efficient method to nurture childrens motivation can have a positive effect on their future motivation. It also shows that a method is necessary to help maintain academic interest in subjects for which childrens intrinsic motivation to learn declines.Notwithstanding these findings, society has taken a problematic approach to maintaining childrens motivation. Several studies have shown that rewarding soulfulness for doing a certain task can diminish their intrinsic motivation. (Lai, 2011) (Hagger Chatzisarantis, 2011) (Lepper, Sethi, Dialdin, Drake, 1997). Deci et al. (2001) have investigated the effect of different kinds of rewards on the motivation of children. They argue that rewards are composed of dickens aspects the informational and the cookling aspects. The informational aspect of a reward conveys self- secured competence and can enhance intrinsic motivation whereas the visualiseling aspect is what determines the external perception of locus of control and can decrease intrinsic motivation. The authors looked at communicatory and tangible rewards to establish which one is more likely to be seen as informational or controlling. Their results showed that tangible, task-contingent rewards undermined the intrinsic motivation of children. Verbal rewards, on the other han d, increased intrinsic motivation and were more likely to be seen as informational. Another important result of this study showed that whereas verbal rewards are beneficial for college students, they have a lower effect on children. However, the undermining of intrinsic motivation by tangible rewards was more accentuated in children than in students. This shows that children are more sensitive to extrinsic rewards and that measures to resolve the issue of intrinsic motivation decrease caused by extrinsic rewards need to be taken.Childrens inherent rareness and interest in the surrounding world also plays a business office in the development of motivation. Constructivist theorists argued that children are active builders of knowledge little scientists who are perpetually creating and testing their own theories of the world (Ravitch, 2001, p.442). In their study, Deci et al. (2001) also investigated childrens interest and discovered that offering verbal rewards results in enhanced self-reports of interest, whereas all tangible rewards resulted in lower interest. Chen and Xiang (2005) studied the interaction effect between intrinsic motivators and extrinsic rewards on behaviors. They argued that interest is a construct embedded in intrinsic motivation and that it is the most important predictor of future motivation for engaging in an activity. Their study showed that activities based on interest could have a stronger and extend effect in a learning situation. Embedded in this idea, studies have tried to investigate whether childrens curiosity could be utilized as a way to reinforce their learning. It has been showed that children understand and are interested in causal information and derive satisfaction from answering with causal factors (Lai, 2011). A recent study (Alvarez Booth, 2014) utilized childrens interest in the world to establish whether it can be used as reward for task engagement. They used causal information to reward children for engaging in a boring activity and discovered that youngsters showed more engagement when presented with strong causal information than when rewarded with something tangible.This body of literature offers the foundations for the investigation of the effect of causal information as reward on intrinsic motivation, which is the aim of the current study. Causal information as reward is fundamentally an extrinsic factor that can be used to motivate children however, because it touches upon childrens inherent curiosity and can be seen as having an informational aspect, its effect should not be as detrimental. If this type of information increases task persistence, childrens engagement could increase as well, promoting better learning. Thus, the key objective of this study is to establish whether causal information as reward undermines intrinsic motivation in children between the ages of 8 and 10. It is hypothesized that children who will be rewarded with causal information will not show a decrease in their intrinsic motivation, as opposed to the children who will receive tangible rewards.The innovative aspect of the study is to be found in the manner it uses former research which found that causal information engages children just as much as tangible rewards and tries to determine its effect on intrinsic motivation. There is no prior research that has taken this approach, making it the first study that might offer some insight into this issue. This insight could bring about numerous implications for childrens education and learning. Moreover, further research in this area could investigate the method in which the presentation of causally rich information could increase learning. One chemical mechanism that we propose to play a role in this process is that of attention. Catching childrens attention with causal information that appeals to their interest can result in more task engagement and thus an increase in their learning process.5b. ApproachIn order to establish the effect of causal information as reward on the intrinsic motivation of children, a repeated measures experimental design will be used. Based on the discussed literature, it is hypothesized that offering children causal information as reward will not undermine their intrinsic motivation.The experiment will consist of 120 children aged 8 to 10 doing a boring, crying task. Local schools will be contacted in order to gather the necessary participants. The age range was chosen because it represents the ages at which children in most countries are already in school1 and poses some basic educational knowledge, such as counting or writing. Moreover, the previously mentioned studies showed that the intrinsic motivation of children tends to decrease with the advancement in age (Lepper, Sethi, Dialdin, Drake, 1997) (Lai, 2011). A boring, repetitive task of moderate difficulty is likely to keep children somewhat engaged while not making them abandon the task due to its difficulty. The task will be div ided into trials and will consist of children counting how many animals of a certain type appear on a screen. subsequently each trial, they will be rewarded according to the group they are in. Each child is required to do 10 trials. To compare the intrinsic motivation of children, one-third different groups will be made each group having a minimum of 40 participants. The first group will receive as reward causal information about the animal they were required to count. The second group of children will receive a tangible reward in order to determine whether there is a significant difference between tangible and causal information as rewards. A third group will be the control group, not receiving anything for doing the tasks thus being used as a base category to which the other two will be compared. Therefore, the type of reward will constitute the independent variable (IV) of the study. The three different groups will represent the three levels of the ID.In order to establish the intrinsic motivation of children, measurement of it will be done before and after the tasks. Intrinsic motivation will be measured by offering them the chance to do the task before and after the study. In the before and after measurements of intrinsic motivation, the free choice (Thakor, 1994) measure combined with a self-report questionnaire will be used. The children will be told they can do the task for as long as they want, without receiving any rewards. The time spent on the task will be indicative of their intrinsic motivation because it is assumed that their engagement with the task comes from personal interest, as no other reinforcements are offered.If there is no difference in the group receiving causal information as reward in the before and after measurement of intrinsic motivation, it would show that this type of reward has no effect on the intrinsic motivation of children. A self-report questionnaire will be used alongside the free choice method to strengthen the measur ements. The questionnaire will consist of items which measure interest, enjoyment and attention nonrecreational to the task. The answer categories will be based on an enjoyment scale that will show smileys depicting faces from sad to happy and organized on a 5-point Likert scale. This method intends to make the self-report of children more suitable for their understanding. The measurement of intrinsic motivation will constitute the dependent variable of the study.The innovative aspect of this methodology can be seen in the combination of self-report questionnaires and the previously used method of measuring intrinsic motivation, namely the free choice method. Moreover, the self-report method has been designed with the intention to urge childrens understanding of the answers they choose. One valuable addition to this method needs to be mentioned. When assessing the intrinsic motivation of children, problems with the accuracy of responses might be encountered even though measures to control for this issue have been taken. It is not guaranteed that children are able to provide unbiased assessments of their interests or motives. However, a more clear image of the results will be gather in this way rather than utilizing only the free choice method, as done in previous research.5c. Word count (sections 5a-5b)5d. Time political programThe timetable proposed for this research project is divided according to the tasks needed to be accomplished. First, two weeks are dedicated to the writing of the introduction and determining an exact research design. Next, one month is needed to conduct the experiment, which entails finding enough participants and the actual experimental sessions. Another month would be required for the coding, analysis and reporting of data. A last week would be dedicated to finalize the research report. Thus, the total time required to for this research amounts to two months and three weeks.5f. Social significance (max. 200 words)It is very much said that children are the future of society. They are the ones that will take oven when the current generations fade away. It is important, thus, to provide them with all the resources and quality care available. Motivation plays an important role in the shaping of individuals and as it has been shows, motivation is not a fixed concept. Discovering methods in which we can shape the motivation of children in such way that they maintain their innate excitement and curiosity towards learning and knowledge has major implications for their development. A generation of people who retained an intrinsic motivation as the one of children can give rise to a great number or innovations and societal improvement, bringing about higher life satisfaction (Martin-Albo, Nunez, Domingues, 2012).5g. Literature referencesWorks CitedAlvarez, A., Booth, A. (2014). move by Meaning Testing the effect of Knowledge-Infused Rewards on Preschoolers Persistence. Child Development, 783-791.Deci, E., Koestne r, R., Ryan, R. (2001). Extrinsic Rewards and Intrinsic Motivation in Education Reconsidered Once Again. Review of educational Research, 1-27.Gillet, N., Vallerand, R., Lafreniere, M.-A. (2012). Intrinsic and Extrinsic School Motivation as a Function of Age The Mediating Role of Autonomy Support. Soc Psychological Education, 77-95.Gottfried, A., Fleming, J., Gottfried, A. (2001). Continuity of Academic Intrinsic Motivation From puerility Through Late Adolescence A Longitudinal Study. Journal Of Educational Psychology, 3-13.Guay, F., Ratelle, C. F., Marsh, H. W., Larose, S., Boivin, M. (2010). Intrinsic, identifie, and controlled types of motivation for school subjects in young elementary school children. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 711-735.Hagger, M., Chatzisarantis, N. (2011). Causality orientations moderate the undermining effect of rewards on intrinsic motivation. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 485-489.Lai, E. (2011). Motivation A Literature Review. Pears on.Lepper, M., Sethi, S., Dialdin, D., Drake, M. (1997). Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation A developmental perspecive. In S. Iyengar, Developmental Psychopathology Perspectives on Adjustment, Risk, and Disorder (pp. 23-50). New York Cambridge University Press.Martin-Albo, J., Nunez, J., Domingues, E. (2012). Relationship between intrinsic motivation, self-concept and satisfaction with life A longitudinal study. Journal of Sports Sciences, 337-347.Thakor, M. (1994). essential Development of a New Intrinsic Motivation Measure Using Confirmatory Factor Analytic Methods. Asia Pacific Advances in Consumer Research, 116-121.Xiang, P., Chen, A., Bruene, A. (2005). Interactive impact of intrinsic motivators and extrinsic rewards on behavior and motivation outcomes. Journal of teaching in physical education, 179-197.1 http//data.worldbank.org/indicator/SE.PRM.AGES

Unequal Education in America: Urban vs Suburban Education Essay

Unequal Education in America Urban vs Suburban Education The gap between the nations best and worst unexclusive schools continues to grow. Our country is based on freedom and equality for all, yet in practice and in the spectrum of education this is rarely the case. We do not even digest to step further than our own city and its public school system, which many media outlets have labeled dysfunctional and in shambles. At the same time, Montgomery County, determined just northwest of the District in suburban Maryland, stands as one of the top school systems in the country. Within each of these systems, there are schools that surmount and there are schools that consistently measure below average. Money alone can not erase this gap. While increased spending may help, the factual problem is often rooted in the complex issues of social, cultural, and economic differences. When combined with factors involving the school itself and the institution that supports it, we arrive at what has been widely known as the set out between the suburban and urban schools. Can anything actually be done to reverse this apparent trend of inequality or are the outside factors withal powerful to change?The issue of equality in education is not a new problem. In 1787, our federal government required all territories petitioning for statehood to go forth free education for all citizens. As part of this requirement, every state constitution included, an education clause, which typically called for a thorough and efficient or coherent system of public schools (School Funding 6). Despite this requirement, a uniform system of schools has yet to be achieved in this country for a variety of reasons, many of which I will discuss later on. During the early part of th... ...omic background when judging students.Money will not solve or make this problem go away, no matter how many social workers are hired. Schools will succeed despite their financial circumstances if they have the basic com ponents of motivated students, parent support, caring teachings, and strong central leadership. While this is the typical model of a suburban school system, Wilson High School proves that it can work anywhere. When ones thinks of urban public schools, overcrowded classes, underpaid teachers, and a lack of resources often come to mind. The fact is these problems can happen anywhere. While the environment at Kennedy could never be compared to the worst DC high school, the assumptions make against these schools are the same. By erasing these notions and confronting the problems one by one, we will be one step closer to reaching equal education for all.

New Learning Strategies for Generation X Essay -- Education Careers Es

New Learning Strategies for coevals XGeneration X workers dislike the labels that have been used to describe them slackers, arrogant, disloyal, having short attention spans. In fact, these descriptions are less likely to reflect the behaviors of individuals in Generation X than the perceptions of managers who are non attuned to new ways of learning. This Digest investigates ways in which the learning characteristics of the young adults classified as Generation X reflect the need for the new tenet and learning strategies promoted by cognitive scientists, such as learning in context, cooperative learning, and real-world application of knowledge. The Life Experience Gap The gap among Generation X and earlier generations represents much more than age and technological differences. It reflects the effects of a changing society on a generation. Young adults born between 1961 and 1981 have radically different life experiences than those in generations before them. In their youth, m all Generation Xers were latchkey kids--children who saw both of their parents working and/or furthering their education. Many of them were increase in single parent homes, the children of divorced parents. They grew up with fast food remote control entertainment and quick response devices such as machinelike teller machines and microwave ovens, all of which provided instant gratification. As young adults, Generation Xers find themselves facing limited economic prospects and a society different from any preceeding them. The previous generation saw rapid economic growth and expanding opportunities. Generation Xers see corporate downsizing and layoffs, limited opportunities for career positions, and an economically troubled socie... ..., p. 1. <http//www.physics.wisc.edu/shalizi/Generation-x_Articles/brinkley/ Caudron, S. heap Generation Xers be Trained? Training and Development 51, no. 3 (March 1997) 20-24. Hornblower, M. Great Xpectations. Time 129, no. 23 (June 9, 1997) 58-68. L osyk, B. How to Manage an Xer. Current 392 (May 1997) 12 Newmann, F. M. et al. legitimate Pedagogy Standards that Boost Student Performance. Issues in Restructuring Schools. Issues Report No. 8. Madison, WI Center on Organization and Restructuring of Schools, 1995. (ED 390 906) Sachs, P. Generation X Goes to College. An Eye-Opening Account of Teaching in Post- ripe America. Chicago, IL Open Court Publishing Company, 1996. Wagschal, K. I Became Clueless Teaching the GenXers. Adult Learning 8, no. 4 (March 1997) 21-25. Your Life. USA Today 125, no. 2622 (March 1997) 6.